Deafness What It Is - 1083 Words

What is deafness? Deafness is very different to people’s general perception of what it actually is. The most common view is that it is a complete loss of hearing however deafness is defined as the lack or loss of the ability to hear. You can either be born deaf or gradually lose the ability to hear later on in life (Presbycusis). Pre natal or congenital causes of deafness may be due to a specific X chromosome being passed on through generations of families even though there may be no previous history of deafness in the family. Deafness at birth can also be caused by illness during pregnancy such as herpes, rubella or even toxoplasmosis. Causes of deafness include the birth of premature babies. This†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Mixed hearing loss- This is when there is a combination of SNHL and conductive hearing loss so the damage may occur in the outer/inner ear or the auditory nerve. As the source of the problem is unknown, this is known as mixed hearing loss. Facts about Deafness †¢ With approximately ten million people who suffer from hearing loss, it makes up the second largest disability in the UK. The majority being of retirement age or above. †¢ Out of the 10 million people (approx.) only around two million people use hearing aids. †¢ There are many different types of sign language for example, American Sign Language (ASL), British Sign Language (BSL), International Sign (IS) and many more. All have subtle differences in them. †¢ Approximately 840 children are born deaf in both ears each year. 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents with little or no experience of deafness or knowledge of how to communicate with a deaf person. †¢ Most of the time tinnitus (the constant ringing sound in people heads) will accompany hearing loss which makes the effect of deafness even more frustrating. The tinnitus can be mild or severe depending on each person and their age. †¢ By 2031, it is estimated that there will be 14.5 million people with hearing loss in the UK. †¢ Approximately 360 million people

Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay Free Essays

What is National Philosophy of Education. National Philosophy of Education stands for Education in Malaysia is an on-going attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The NPE has been build by Ministry of Education since the twelvemonth of 1988. The experts of instruction had tried their best to set in all the NPE into their course of study taught in every topic in school. 1.1- Elementss in National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) There are besides elements in the execution of NPE. First and first, component in NPE is instruction as an on-going attempt. Education is the procedure of reassigning and geting of cognition, accomplishments and baronial values. Education normally implemented for kids since they at an early age which is 1 to 6 old ages old. Then, it will be continued by the school to heighten cognition, accomplishments and character. For case, if a pupil merely finished his SPM scrutiny, he will seek for an excess category such as computing machine category. The new cognition that he receives will help him to accommodate to many types of alterations. Following, development of person ‘s potency besides one of the elements in the NPE. As we know, everyone is born with concealed endowment and abilities but they do non recognize it on their ain. However, the concealed endowment and abilities can be detected through societal interaction. For illustration, if a pupil discourse his work with a spouse to do an essay, he likely can indicate out superb thought that can give high Markss to the essay. Other than that, the component in NPE is belief and devotedness to God. Every individual must acknowledge the being of God and belief in Him as the Godhead of the existence. In fact, everyone besides has to bring forth good workss and actions. For case, Muslim people believe in ‘syurga ‘ which is the topographic point to remain afterlife. In order to come in the ‘syurga ‘ , they have to do good things and workss while they are alive. 1.2- Factors of National Philosophy of Education Other than component, NPE besides has it ‘s ain ground why it is implemented in the instruction system. First and first, the factor that determines NPE is spiritual factor. This factor can be seen through citation â€Å" Produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a steadfast belief and devotedness to God † . As we know, Malaysia is a multiracial and multi faith state but Islam has to be the official faith. However, other faith such as Christian, Buddhist and Hindu is free to encompass. Another factor that determines NPE is the societal factor which can be seen through citation â€Å" to bring forth Malayan citizen that are capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society † . Malaysia is a peaceable state which have a assortment of races live here. Cooperation and tolerance from assorted citizens are really of import in order to populate in harmoniousness and prosperity in Malaysia. Therefore, through the right pattern, we are able to make the stableness of society. Last, economic factor besides is one of the grounds in finding NPE. Malaysians presents are trained with particular accomplishment in many sorts of field to upgrading their productiveness. Such an purpose can be accomplished with the production of persons who are knowing and competent, responsible and capable to lend towards the improvement of the state, household and society. The mark of Malaysia to be economically strong state becomes the major factor in the national instruction on the NPE. 2.0- National Curriculum In add-on, national course of study besides altering to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. National course of study is â€Å" An educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition † . 2.1- KLSR, KBSR, KSSR Education in Malaysia started before the Malaysia addition independency in 1957. Informal instruction normally takes topographic point as a medium for Malay people get cognition because deficiency of instructors to learn them. In order to better the instruction in Malaysia, instruction act and several systems of instruction has been built by the authorities to bring forth knowing citizens. Education in Malaysia was started from Education Act in the twelvemonth of 1961. Harmonizing to Shidota ( 2010 ) , â€Å" The instruction act is the forming from the Rahman Talib Report 1960 † . Sekolah Kebangsaan is unfastened for every race while Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan is merely provided for Indian and Chinese people. Then, Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) was built as a system of instruction in Malaysia. Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) implemented since the state gained independency. In 1960, a Subjects Review Committee has been established to be known as the Rahm an Talib Report. The Rahman Talib Report has suggested some facets of instruction. The Rahman Talib study is so tabled in Parliament and passed which was so implemented in the Education Act 1961. Harmonizing to Rahman Talib Report, all pupils must go through in Bahasa Melayu public scrutiny, in which the written scrutiny documents. By utilizing the Malay linguistic communication, it aims to further integrity among the assorted cultural groups. In KLSR, the instruction is old-oriented and emphasis on memorising acquisition. In add-on, organisation in category is arranged utilizing the traditional schoolroom agreement. Traditional schoolroom is a topographic point for a group of pupils ‘ lessons delivered by instructors utilizing the old-oriented instruction. In traditional schoolroom, the pupils are really inactive and receive anything teacher Teach. In 1982, New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) was implemented as a new instruction system that replaced KLSR. KBSR execution follows the alterations made by the Report of the Cabinet Committee on Implementation of Education Policy issued in 1979. KBSR is aimed to finish all scholars with basic accomplishments and cognition of the topics. In KBSR, co-curriculum activity and Primary School Assessment Test ( UPSR ) are mandatory. In 1993, New Primary School Curriculum changed to the name of the new Integrated Primary School Curriculum. However, merely the name alterations have occurred. The course of study content is still the same as before. KBSR program besides emphasizes the command of basic accomplishments 3M of reading, composing and arithmetic. In 2010, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) replaced Integrated Primary School Curriculum as a new system of instruction in Malaysia. KSSR divides subject into 3 faculties which are Core Basic Module, Basic Module Themes and Elective Basic Module. For degree 1 which is twelvemonth 1-2, learning focal points on authorship, reading, numbering and menakul ( 4M ) . While, for degree 2 which are twelvemonth 3-6, learning emphasis on the application of 4M. One of the aims of KSSR is to make advanced persons. Until now, KSSR is still ongoing as the system of instruction in Malaysia. It is more towards practical and less nerve-racking for instructors and pupils. 3.0- Schemes For The Realization Of NPE 3.1- School ‘s function: The school should play a large function to accomplish the National Philosophy of Education ‘s aims. First, the most of import facet is the facet of school socialization. Some call the school clime. School civilization must include the five elements found in the National Education Philosophy which is religious, rational, emotional, physical and societal. The religious component is by understanding the importance of faith without faith against another. An illustration is to make a school civilization that patterns reading the Quran every forenoon and obligatory supplications in fold. All pupils besides must cover themselves. It will edify pupils of its duties in maintaining faith and ego regard. Indirectly will bring forth students with competent, honest, responsible and capable of accomplishing wellbeing. From a physical component besides is to supply school installations that are comfy, warm and contributing environment that promotes learning and larning. It will excite pupils ‘ involvement in prosecuting cognition. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education which is to bring forth pupils who flourish in harmoniousness and complete in footings of religious, physical, emotional, rational and societal Further, in the rational component, schools must promote socialization cognition among pupils and instructors. The school can form academic plans such as NILAM plan. It will advance a civilization of reading among pupils. Spirit kids to read is besides increasing with the award as NILAM award. Through reading, pupils ‘ heads are more developed and students are able to believe creatively and critically. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing. 3.2- Teachers ‘ function: Other than school, instructors besides should play their function to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupils. First and first, instructors as pedagogues should hold even more committed to the execution of activities to accomplish the aspirations contained in NPE. Next, teach the pupil with the handiness of new cognition that instructors have prepared to implement new instruction and larning schemes in order to make a harmonious and balanced human intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically. 3.3- Student ‘s function: The aim of NPE can besides be developed by the attempt from pupils. In every acquisition session, pupils should demo active acquisition and engagement. They besides can develop independency, self-discipline and work out jobs. Besides, pupils may get down using critical thought accomplishments and do an action. Critical thought is really of import in Mathematicss capable. Therefore, pupils have to develop it on their ain to do a improvement believing in their action. 4.0- School Activity This NPE has been used in every school in Malaysia to develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. Normally, the school will transport out activities to win the aims of NPE. In order to acquire more specific about activities that had been done with school and instructors, I had interviewed a Headmaster, Senior Assistant and a school instructor at Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Jana. After I interview all of them, I had found that many interesting activities that has been organized by the school and instructor. Before making any activities in school, the schoolmaster makes a commission which is organized earlier before school starts and led by her. Each commission has 4 director which are schoolmaster, pupil personal businesss helper, administrative helper and course of study helper. 4.1- Sport ‘s Day The first activity held in the school is Sport ‘s Day. Sport ‘s Day normally held in the month of March. There are many activities in Sport ‘s Day that will be contested such as 800m tally and javelin throw. This activity is aimed to bring forth pupils that are talented and active. Every pupil in the school will be taking portion in each activity in Sport ‘s Day. Their engagement will lend points to their contribute point for several group. From this Sport ‘s Day, pupils will go more courageous to seek take parting in any activities that held anytime. 4.2- Interaction Day Second, Interaction Day is held in school to use the NPE aim. In the Interaction Day, parents will come to school to take their kid ‘s study card and it has to be taken from the schoolroom instructor. When the parents receive the study card, they can look at the consequence and inquire any inquiry sing their kid in category. During the interaction, parents can cognize the truth behaviour of their kid at school. In fact, they besides will cognize whether their kid to the full go to his category or non. Through this activity, pupils will go more hardworking in their survey. They will work hard to acquire lying colourss in scrutiny and do their parents proud of themselves. 4.3- Parents and Teacher Association Following activity held in school is Parents and Teacher Association. This activity is conducted by the schoolmaster and helped by the Teacher Assistants in the school. Parents will come to the meeting to discourse of import things sing the school or pupils. This activity aims for betterment the school ‘s failings. For illustration, if the school is non stress on subject, parents can kick about it. The school besides can acquire suggestion from parents on the improvement of the transmutation in the school. Furthermore, the activity besides gives a opportunity for school to inquire aid from parents to do an excess category for pupils. This is due to the deficiency of instructor to go to an excess category at school. At the terminal of this session, direction of the school will go better in the hereafter. In fact, the school besides can make any motivational encampment that requires payment to the organiser because the school will have some support from the parents. Therefore, pu pils can have more new thoughts about their surveies from the motivational encampment. 4.4- Excellence Award Day Other than that, there is besides an Excellence Award Day which will be held at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This activity is held to increase the pupils ‘ spirit to analyze hard. When pupils see an first-class pupil walk on a phase and have a coil of certification, they will experience challenged and get down to work hard. In this activity, the school will take the top 15 pupils in every category to take a certification on the phase. Through this activity, pupils will vie reasonably without aching anyone. They will analyze to accomplish the best grade in the scrutiny. They besides will get down to believe positively because they know they can success in the scrutiny and crush the individual who already walk on the phase. 4.5- Collaborative Activity Last, to accomplish NPE aims, the school besides held a collaborative activity. During the collaborative activity, instructors will affect along with the pupils. This activity is aimed for cooperation between pupils and people around. Besides that, it besides to fasten the relationship between pupils and instructors. Apart from that, this activity besides aims to convey consciousness to pupils about the importance of hygiene. At the terminal of the activity, the school will be able to bring forth school can bring forth pupils with a cleansing agent and diligent aid. Students will larn the significance of regard with each other. For illustration, immature pupils will honour pupils older than him. Students are besides more concerned about hygiene while analyzing. 5.0- Classroom Activity 5.1- Storytelling In category, the instructor besides makes some activities for pupils to develop NPE aims. One of the activities that the instructor does in the schoolroom is narrative stating. In the narrative stating activity, the instructor will pick 3 pupils to state their narrative in forepart of the category. Time given to each pupil is about 3 proceedingss. The ground why this activity held in category is to further develop pupils ‘ endowments in storytelling. Storytelling competition can besides supply chances for pupils to portion cognition and larn right vocabulary. Hopefully, this activity will bring forth pupils who are non diffident to seek something new. In add-on, the usage of proper grammar can besides be nurtured. Through the usage of proper grammar, pupils are able to reply exam inquiries successfully. 5.2- Group Discussion Next, other activity in category that the instructor has been carried out is group treatment. Before group treatment starts, the instructor will split all pupils in a group and each group contains about 5 pupils. This activity is to allow the pupils discuss the reply on their ain. It besides conducted to give pupils exposure to a batch of thoughts. They can besides discourse and give sentiments on the reply to be determined. At the terminal of this activity, pupils will be more comfy to socialise with other schoolmates. They would non experience left out because of the interaction between schoolmates were running. In add-on, this activity besides gives the feeling of person who seldom communicate in the schoolroom. For illustration, if a pupil is introverted in a category, the other pupils will state that he was an chesty pupil. However, after this activity traveling on, they will cognize that the pupils are non chesty but he is really friendly. 5.3- Spelling Bee Apart from that, instructors besides carry out the Spelling Bee activity. This activity involves all pupils in the category. An Activity of the Spelling Bee is intended to rectify spelling has ever been a job in school. It is besides to avoid any confusion in the spelling of a word. This activity will bring forth pupils who are able to spell the word right. This is so because, many pupils are confused to distinguish spelling Malay and English. For illustration, pupils will be entered for spelling televisyen to telecasting. In add-on, pupils ‘ vocabulary can besides be corrected during the activity period. 5.4- Mind Mapping and Brainstorming Besides that, instructors besides conduct Mind Mapping and Brainstorming activity in category. This activity must be participated by all pupils in the category. The purpose of this activity is to acquire an thought in finishing pupil ‘s prep. For illustration, if a pupil wants to make his essay, he can non compose it right because he does non hold thoughts to finish it. Sometimes, the chief point besides is non related to the inquiry. This activity was hoped that pupils can hold mature thought of doing a good essay. It besides will bring forth pupils who are originative. Other than that, mind function and brainstorming besides can assist pupils in work outing job. 5.5- Quizes Last, the instructor held a Quiz session to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. As usual, this activity requires all pupils to take part in it. This is due to the pupils who do non like to finish his prep. As a replacing, the instructor will do a short quiz before she starts a new lesson. At the terminal of the activity, pupils will be more prepare to read earlier to go through the quiz. Furthermore, this activity besides will construct pupils ‘ assurance degree in order to finish the quiz before clip is up. It besides can be alteration for pupils before the scrutiny hebdomad. 6.0- Decision In decision, the school has conducted many interesting activities such as Sport ‘s Day, Interaction Day, Parents and Teachers Association, Excellence Award Day and Collaboration Activity. While, the instructor has made a motion by doing activities in the schoolroom. The activities are Spelling Bee, Storytelling, Group Discussion, Mind Mapping and Brainstorming and Quizes. All the activities that had been done are appropriate to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupil. The activities besides received encouraging response from the pupils. 7.0- Appendix Interview Form Name: Position: School: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam â€Å" Education in Malaysia is an on traveling attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. † The national course of study of the school reflects the aims of national Philosophy of instruction ( NPE ) . By implementing the course of study efficaciously in schools, it can develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. By this, the establishments can bring forth ‘insan theoretical account ‘ as for the future coevalss. What 5 activities that school carried out to visualize/insist the aim of NPE? 1- _________________________________________ Why? Does the activity must be carried out by all pupils? What are the merchandises at the terminal? 2- ________________________________________ Why? Did parents give support in this activity? For illustration fund. How can it be applied in pupils ‘ day-to-day modus operandi? 3-________________________________________ Why? Does this activity involve pupils in the school or foreigner? How this activity aid in developing the pupils psychomotor? 4- ________________________________________ Why? Do pupils react good in the activity? In the hereafter, does this activity will alter a small spot so that it will go more happening? 5- _______________________________________ Why? Does instructors ‘ function is of import in the activity? What is merchandise did the activity reflect to the pupils? Interview Form Teacher ‘s name: School ‘s name: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam The national course of study is an educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition. From the definition above, it is clear that the national course of study reflects the aims of national doctrine of instruction ( NPE ) . As a instructor, what are the instruction activities that being focused/carried out in schoolroom to realize the National course of study in the advancement of modeling the pupil ‘s behaviour and believes. 1- Scope? Reason? Merchandise? 2- Why? Did pupils collaborate together in this activity? How much clip is given to the pupils to finish the activity? 3- Why? Did pupils ever acquiring bored with this activity? What are the terminal merchandises of the activity? 4- Reason? How many pupils take part? What is the pupils ‘ reaction towards this activity? 5- Why? How many frequent this activity held in category? What is the merchandise at the terminal of the session? How to cite Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Advanced Wireless Technologies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Different antenna, such as yagi, horn, and celluar antennas, etc. has different merits. Research the set technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. 2.Compare and Contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wirelessnetworking? 3.A local Engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used aswell their strengths and weakness. Answers: 1.A device called an antenna which resides in an electrical circuit has the capability of converting electric power to standing radio waves which can be received by transreceivers. Interlinking of transmitter and receiver is done by antennas. Antennas hold different types of properties. Properties of Antennas: Antenna expand Orifice Directivity and bandwidth Divergence Effective length Polar diagram. Different types of antennas are needed to perform different wireless communication. Some of them are- Horn Antenna This type of antenna works alongside reflector as a bowl antenna powerfully as a waveguide. Mainly microwave and satellite are embedded with horn antenna. If Normal waveguide are used for transmission then it results in standing waves. Horn antenna prevents the odd things. The more slow but sure the blaze, better could be the similarality and lesser the losses. This results in greater growth of signal. Depending upon the blazing there are different types of horn antennas viz. pyramidal, sectoral and Conical horn. These antennas has several merits and demerits- Moderate directivity (Ease), broad bandwidth and ease of manufacturing. Horn antenna operates over a good range of frequencies covering a wide area and has wide bandwidth. Yagi Antenna A yagi (device that receives TV and radio signals), also known as Yagi Uda organized row is an antenna that receives signal from one direction. This type of device is popular among radio stations and band radio operators. It operates over a range greater than 10megahertz. Yagi Uda antenna uses passive elements. It can be constructed using one or more parabolic reflector elements and one or more director elements as this antenna is of low cost and greater in efficiency. This type of antennas can be made by using an antenna with one reflector, a driven folded-dipole, and directors, mounted for horizontal schism in the presumptuous direction. Pros of yagi antenna Yagis have more gain than similarly sized log periodic antennas which gives them a good range. They are easily mountable at low cost. Cons of yagi antenna These antennas have limited bandwidth or frequency. As you move away from the limited frequency range, the graph shows degradation in gain and impedance. This is because yagis are based on echoing elements. Cellular Antenna It is used in cellular network or mobile network. In this, the network cells is scattered over the area, connected three base stations and a fixed transreceiver. These base stations provide network coverage which can be used for all types of communication. A cell is combined with other neighbouring cells at different frequencies providing a hassle free quality service with each cell. This combination of cells provides cover a wide range geographic area. A large number of devices can communicate through these cells moving through one or more base stations. Merits These types of antennas consume less power and are robust in nature. Limited interference for small cells and large number of interfering signals for huge cells. Demerits In case of small cells complex infrastructure is required to connect to base station. Infrastructure consists of switches for call forwarding, location etc. Frequency spectrum should be distributed properly to avoid interference. Electronics is focused on communications. Telegraph started in 1845, calling in 1876, but communications really became popular with the introduction of wireless and the vacuum tube. Today wireless technology and vacuum tube are in domination. Traditionally oneantenna works together with each one or perhaps a few different frequencies. Now technology is so much advanced that we can combine small antennas to interact at any frequency. In this way every application like GPS, Bluetooth dont need their specific antennas. In fact most of the data can be shared by one digitally controlled antenna. Thus, these antennas will be replaced by digitally controlled antennas resulting in higher bandwidth and good range.:- 2.CDMA Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a method of various radio communication stations for multiple access and through the use of several transmitters we can send information simultaneously over an individual network. There are several features of CDMA which differs from FDMA. They are- Simultaneous transmission occurs over same frequency employed by every user. Wide band spreading signal called codeword is combined with narrow band signal. Separate codeword is used for every other user. Specified codeword is understandable to user and other signals becomes noise to them. Transmitters and receiver should have a bond so that after transmission receiver can understand the concerned codes. FDMA It is a channelization protocol used to manipulate multiple access protocol. One or several frequency bands, or channels allocated to user by FDMA. It is very commonplace in satellite communication. Like other multiple access systems FDMA coordinates access between multiple users. If channel is not in use, it goes in idle state. Bandwidth of Channel is narrow, referred to as narrowband system. FDMA uses analog links. Continuous transmission doesnt require synchronization. To reduce interference tight filtering is done. Frequency division multiple access is coupled with FDD 3.Newest advanced wireless technologies are:- 5thGeneration- It is the continuous innovation and evolution of industry resulting in better network congestion, energy efficiency, cost, reliability, and link with billions of people and devices. Optical Fibre everywhere- It is the propelled by efforts resulting in very fast connectivity and surfing of high definition videos. Virtualization Software defined network. Everywhere connectivity for Internet of things Internet of Everything. Cognitive networks and Big Data- All data generated by mobiles, embedded devices and network protocols are handled by communication systems. It is a vast level of information. A world IP backbone produces 1TB of IPs daily. This Big data is managed by advance systems. Cyber Security- 2015 was remarkable that everything can undoubtedly be hacked. So coming year will need significant changes on the systems. Smarter Smartphones and connected sensors- Coming days will be new trend for the smart phones and sensors. Network Neutrality and internet governance- No blocking and internet for everyone will be the future. References https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Types-of-Antenna.html https://www.aalto.fi/en/about/for_media/press_releases/2016-08-31-002/ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/questions_and_answers.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access https://www.comsoc.org/blog/top-10-communications-technology-trends-2015 https://onlinetalentlab.nl/trends-online/

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Essay Sample free essay sample

Munchausen syndrome by placeholder is one of the most hard and rare signifier of kid maltreatment. It carries significant morbidity and mortality and comprises both physical maltreatment and medical disregard and is besides a signifier of psychological ill-treatment. The diagnosing relies on appropriate intuition and careful probe. Early acknowledgment and appropriate intercession prevent farther maltreatment and condemnable actions. The fiction of a paediatric unwellness is a signifier of kid maltreatment and non simply a mental wellness upset. and there is a possibility of an highly hapless forecast if the kid is left in the place. Certain factors are identified that may assist the physician recognize this insidious type of kid maltreatment that occurs in a medical scene. and doctors have to describe intuitions to their state’s kid protective service bureau. This paper highlights how Munchausen syndrome by proxy instances is handled. Munchausen syndrome by placeholder: sensing. probe and legal proceedings Munchausen syndrome-by-Proxy ( MSBP ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page besides known as Medical Child Abuse ( MCA ) . is a mental upset in which a parent ( normally the female parent ) abuses her kid by making or distorting medical symptoms. or by seeking unneeded medical attention for the kid. in order to derive attending and understanding. In 1998 the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children ( APSAC ) reported that the configuration of behaviours by and large referred to as Munchausen by Proxy really includes a paediatric diagnosing of kid maltreatment and a psychiatric diagnosing of the culprit. Therefore Munchausen by Proxy consists of two positions – the pediatric and the psychological ; the victim and the culprit. From the position of the kid victim. the diagnosing is Pediatric Condition Falsification ( PCF ) and is defined as â€Å"a signifier of child ill-treatment in which an grownup falsifies physical and/or psychological marks and/or symptoms in a victim. doing the victim to be regarded as ailment or impaired by others. † From the position of the culprit. the diagnosing is Factitious Disorder by Proxy ( FDP ) and is defined as â€Å"a psychiatric upset which is applied to a individual who deliberately falsifies marks or symptoms in a victim. The parent may overstate. misrepresent. or manufacture symptoms or trial consequences. which can take to the kid undergoing legion hospitalizations. invasive trials. gratuitous therapies. and even surgeries. â€Å"On April 7th the Tucson Police Department arrested and charged a 21 twelvemonth old female parent of two with kid maltreatment. Blanca Montana had taken the kids to the University Medical Center describing flu-like symptoms. Her boy was discharged. but her infant daughter’s status continued to deteriorate. The babe was finally diagnosed with nine separate rare infections over the class of her infirmary stay. Staff noticed that the child’s status worsened every clip she was entirely with her female parent. They began to surmise Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy and reported their intuitions to the constabulary. The constabulary investigated the maltreatment and determined that Montano deliberately poisoned her kid and had caused her unwellnesss. After the female parent was barred from sing the baby. the baby’s status improved significantly. It was determined that Montana had poisoned her two kids in order to acquire attention† . ( ABC intelligence ) In classical instances of MSBP. the behaviour of the opprobrious parent towards the kid is strongly and straight influenced by the responses of the physician to the child’s â€Å"undiagnosable† disease. The term MSBP can besides use to state of affairss where the parent in some manner appears to compromise the medical attention of the kid. Examples include parental over handling or undertreating of such medical status such as asthma. epilepsy and cystic fibrosis. MSBP is different from other signifiers of kid maltreatment. Unlike the typical physical kid maltreater who seeks to let go of his or her ain defeats by floging out at a kid. the motives of the MSBP maltreater are more complex. The perpetrator’s behaviour is more premeditated than unprompted. and it doesn’t consequence from the behaviour of the kid ( function as penalty for bad behaviour ) . These kids are frequently hospitalized with groups of symptoms that don’t rather fit any known disease. Frequently. the kids are made to endure through unneeded trials. surgeries. or other uncomfortable processs. The opprobrious parent is normally really helpful in the infirmary scene and is frequently appreciated by the nursing staff for the attention she gives her kid. She is frequently seen as devoted and self-sacrificing. which can do medical professionals unlikely to surmise the diagnosing of Munchausen syndrome by placeholder. By responding to the concerns and demands of culprits. medical professionals are manipulated into a partnership of child ill-treatment. The syndrome occurs because of psychological jobs in the grownup. and is by and large an attention-seeking behaviour. The syndrome can be dangerous for the kid involved. How do we manage child maltreatment instances of this nature? Diagnosis of fancied upsets is particularly hard because clinical findings are undetectable when they are overdone or imagined and are inconsistent when fabricated. When a clinician suspects that a disease has been falsified. this hypothesis must be pursued smartly and the diagnosing must be confirmed if the kid is to be spared farther injury. MSBP should be considered whenever a kid is presented with an unusual unwellness and has a negative workup or an unnatural response to standard therapy. Following verification of a diagnosing of MSBP. it is the responsibility of kid protection bureaus and mental wellness squads to be after for the hereafter attention and safety of the kid who has been harmed. Identifying and reacting to this unusual and complex signifier of kid maltreatment requires a carefully coordinated multidisciplinary intercession of several subjects and bureaus is indispensable for placing and reacting to instances of suspected MSBP. Each subject should near MSBP instanc es from its ain country of expertness with the common end of guaranting the safety of the victims. Baby doctors or household doctors initiate the appraisal. If at any point in the medical appraisal procedure. the handling doctor or any other member of the medical squad have â€Å"reasonable cause to surmise child maltreatment or neglect† he or she should do a study instantly to Children’s Protective Services ( CPS ) as required by jurisprudence ( N. Y. SOS. LAW  § 413 ) . The CPS worker. in bend. should get down the probe including contacting and join forcesing with the medical squad as they complete the medical appraisal. CPS will organize the medical appraisal. ease obtaining medical and other records sing the kid and the household. consult with legal advocate. jurisprudence enforcement. and initiate legal proceedings if required to protect the kid or to foster the probe. In instances of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. it is advised that parents be excluded from treatments of the probe in order to non put the children’s lives at farther hazard of enduring im portant injury. which in the most serious instances may take to their decease. Most culprits who induce symptoms will go on to make so during hospitalization because keeping the kid in the ill function is the lone manner to maintain carry throughing the abuser’s demand. For illustration. in 2008 Amber Brewington was charged with attempted homicide for poisoning her infant boy by repeatedly shooting salt H2O into his eating tubing ( at least 5-6 times ) while he was a patient in Tennessee and Pennsylvania infirmary ( usatoday. com ) . If a kid is admitted to hospital. sensing of induced unwellness will be facilitated by maintaining a record of all parent visits and activities. looking for associations. Recurrent symptoms may justify close observation with one-to-one nursing. In order to halt the rhythm of maltreatment. research workers must obtain sufficient admissible grounds to convict the maltreater. A peculiarly effectual manner to obtain cogent evidence in MSBP instances is to utilize hidden cameras to videotape grounds ( tribunal ordered ) . Prosecu tion Munchausen syndrome by placeholder can be difficult to prosecute because many of the instances lack grounds and informants. Care must be taken non to let a â€Å"label† or diagnosing to act upon the manner in which the instance is conducted. If the instance is truly one which used to be called â€Å"cruelty† . it should be dealt with consequently. Sally Clark was convicted in November 1999. The strong beliefs were upheld at entreaty in October 2000 but overturned in a 2nd entreaty in January 2003. after it emerged that the prosecutor’s diagnostician had failed to unwrap microbiological studies that suggested one of her boies had died of natural causes. She was released from prison holding served more than three old ages of her sentence ( BBC intelligence ) . The sally Clark narrative shows why strong grounds is required to prosecute MSBP instances. The party who makes an allegation must turn out that the kid is enduring or likely to endure important injury which is attributable to the attention being given to him. Mere intuition is non plenty to warrant doing a instance. important injury has to be proven. A guardian ad litem is appointed by the tribunal to stand for and safeguard the involvements of kids in public jurisprudence instances. The defender should hold experience in stand foring kids and be familiar with the kineticss of Munchausen by Proxy. Existing jurisprudence gives the defender considerable power to obtain all necessary studies and to confer with with assorted parties and other experts. If successful in converting the tribunal. by likely cause. that the kid is abused. the defender may inquire the tribunal to protect the kid pending test by puting the kid in an out of place arrangement. A period of separation. although by and large necessary to protect the kid from farther physical and mental injury. could besides function as a â€Å"diagnostic separation† to further corroborate the MSBP diagnosing. Making so non merely ensures the child’s immediate safety but leads to dramatic reversal physical. or psychological. Example ; In a ill-famed instance in Florida. an 8-year-old kid who had been featured in local intelligence for her bravery in the face of awful unwellness was diagnosed with MSB P in 1995. Harmonizing to the female parent. the miss had digestive jobs. ictuss. and an immune lack. Her primary diagnosing had been pseudo-obstructive intestine disease. The kid had had 40 surgeries and more than 200 hospitalizations. She was having nutrition unnaturally by agencies of a gastrostomy tubing and a cardinal venous catheter. An probe supported the determination of MSBP. The kid was removed to further attention. where she regained normal intestine map and normal nutritionary consumption. and returned to school. ( sunsentinel. com ) The safe scene should be a arrangement in which the parent does non hold the ability to hold unsupervised contact with the kid and does non hold the capacity to impact on the day-to-day attention and medical intervention of the kid. In some fortunes. the social worker and the intervention squad will urge seeking expiration of parental rights and acceptance or some other lasting alternate place for the kid at the hearing. The parental discourtesies may be so serious that Criminal prosecution may besides be appropriate. for illustration ; In New York 1972-1985. Marybeth Tinning had killed at least eight of her kids while enduring from Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. She was sent enced to 20 old ages to life for â€Å"depraved indifference to human life. ( nytimes. com ) The testimony at test should concentrate on injuries suffered by the kid due to the parent’s behavior. Is this kid being abused or non? The tribunal procedure will prove the grounds and logical thinking of the professionals. If successful. before a justice or a jury. in turn outing by preponderance of the grounds that the kid is abused or neglected. the instance returns to the dispositional stage. A court-ordered temperament depends on a comprehensive. nonsubjective forensic psychological appraisal of the offending parent. the other parent and the kid. The child’s medical and psychological demands should besides be assessed as a foundation for the court’s dispositional order. If the forecast for rehabilitation is hapless. possibly expiration of parental rights is appropriate? Possibly referral for condemnable prosecution is appropriate? The dispositional program is really of import. The defender should guarantee that the service program and court-ordered temperament responds to the kineticss present in the household and if applicable. rehabilitation of the household and to let for safe reunion of the kid and the household. On the other manus. the guardian needs to carefully see adept sentiment and prosecute expiration of parental rights or another lasting program alternatively of reunion where necessary. The appraisal and diagnosing of Munchausen by Proxy kid is a complex and emotionally charged undertaking. This potentially fatal signifier of kid maltreatment requires the most current informations and expertness to protect the child’s physical and psychological safety. Health attention suppliers. kid protection bureaus. and the legal profession must appreciate the particular issues involved in this signifier of kid maltreatment. MSBP instances CHARLOTTE. N. C. — A justice sentenced Meredith Stilwell. who pleaded guilty to seeking to surround her immature girl in January 2009. to 52 to 72 months in prison Monday. Meredith Stilwell pleaded guilty Friday to felony kid maltreatment. bring downing serious hurt after concealed cameras at the Levine Children’s Hospital recorded her seeking to surround her babe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wsoctv. com/news/news/judge-sentences-young-mother-to-years-in-prison/nG75g/ When five of Waneta Hoyt’s six kids died between 1965 and 1971. physicians suspected sudden baby decease syndrome ( SIDS ) . The instance was even featured in outstanding medical diaries. But when New York State Prosecutor William Fitzpatrick read about the instance. he grew leery. His probe led to Hoyt’s apprehension in 1994. When she was interrogated. Hoyt broke down and admitted that she had killed her kids in an effort to hush them. She was sent to prison for life. Hoyt lived in Oswego. New York at the clip of the slayings http: //www. people. com/people/archive/article/0. . 20101784. 00. html Genene Anne Jones is a former paediatric nurse who killed someplace between 11 and 46 babies and kids in her attention. She used injections of Lanoxin. Lipo-Hepin and subsequently succinylcholine to bring on medical crises in her patients. with the purpose of resuscitating them subsequently in order to have congratulations and attending. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crimezzz. net/serialkillers/J/JONES_genene. php Beginnings †¢Monsters in the Cupboard: Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Laura Criddle. RN.

Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective

Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective Introduction Boot camps were introduced so that it can act as an alternative to jail for young offenders or criminals. Several studies have reported that the frequencies of recidivism for juvenile offenders who have been admitted in teen boot camps are extremely high, above 85% (Vito, 2005, p.65).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boot camps may appear like the correct option for young people who have gotten involved in unlawful acts or are engaging in inappropriate conducts. In Boot camps, they consider that terrifying and punishing the teens might discourage them from participating in illegal activities in the future, but this may be wrong. Most boot camps are considered to lack follow-up support, ineffective, and contain physical abuse. Lack of Follow-up Support When teens have shown the signs of rehabilitation, they are allowed to go back home from boot camps. After that, boot camp providers would not make a follow-up so that they can help the teens create sense of what they have experience in the boot camps. This lack of follow-up raises the chances of the teens or young people reversing into the previous conducts. Mostly, boot camp providers avoid follow-up so that they can reduce expenses. Since children are instructed to follow and respect seniors or boot camp providers who use noisy and violent tones, it has been reported that after going back home, many teenagers would have difficulties adjusting to normal superior’s leadership ways. Their teachers and managers usually are not aggressive to students and workers and many former boot campers experience trouble in respecting them since they do not scream and threaten them (MacKenzie, Wilson, Kider, 2001, p.127).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In several situations, former boot campers engage in more severe crimes after coming back from boot camps since they have learned techniques from their exposure with more skilled delinquents. In the situations of private military boot camps, offenders cope fully at wholly controlled schools, but go back to their previous conducts once they got to their everyday lives. Several young people come back from their boot camp lives with an impression of power or aggressive and commanding authority. These feelings are seen to cause conflicts during youth social interactions at organizations or schools. Most generally, young people who face serious psychological problems after returning from boot camp lives were not intended for boot camp initially. When guardians or parents admit their teenagers to these places in expectations of not having to manage parenting problems themselves, the adolescents can come back with their attitude of being neglected and may make them giving up in life. Sever al teens may experience psychological troubles towards boot camp. Most children experience nightmares after returning home and after a while they may commit suicide. Suicide is a big threat in some boot camps which do not have sufficient techniques of controlling suicidal risks in teens. Some of the deaths which are reported in boot camps are caused by perforated ulcer (Vito, 2005, p.65). Anxiety may result in the creation of ulcers that may ultimately harm the stomach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parents should consider carefully the program or therapeutic techniques for their troubled teens and they should bear in mind the long-term effects of the option. If a teen experience major behavioral and emotional adjustments in a therapeutic course, the long-standing achievement rate will be much better as has been reported in most rehabilitation analyzes. Ineffectiveness Some studies have shown that boot camps are inadequately considered as therapeutic approaches and mostly they do not reduce recidivism and can really have the negative impacts by raising immoral conducts (Welsh Farrington, 2006, p.341). In line with criminal justice professions, boot camps are not useful or unsuccessful in correcting juvenile offenders (Vito, 2005, p.66). Boot camps are considered to have no major rate of recovery when matched up to the rates of some different approaches. Many people believe that children require constructive relationships which are not generated by the boot camp facilities. Also, teens usually do not consider that they require what are provided in boot camps. Some parents wish for a faster way of correcting their concerned children. They do not understand that it takes some times, but not faster, to correct or rehabilitate their aggressive and troubled children. Emphasizing on the long-term approaches where the correctio n is therapeutic and focus on behavioral change by the recognition of individual or parental accountability will enhance the attitude of their children.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Boot camps were initially intended for young persons who have been found guilty of criminal activities and parents should not send their children to these facilities. Boot camp is not designed to change behavior by self-understanding. It is a setting which aims to frighten children openly, a course which has reported over and over again to possess simply short-range outcomes (Welsh Farrington, 2006, p.341). Boot camps possess minimal positive impact on children, with more proves of long-term destructive impact. A study by UN showed that while boot camps can be successful in the short-term, they are insufficient reports about the long-term effects and most of these children or young persons need understanding, assistance, and non-discriminative settings such as rehabilitation facilities and well managed boarding schools which will help in encouraging positive behaviors (Fisher, 2008, p.46). Children who are admitted in boot camp usually make friends with other juvenile offenders, wh om usually get attach in a strong and unhealthy manner, having the same destructive experiences. Such relationships create children consider that it is fine to have committed crimes, insulted their guardians or engaged in whichever criminal acts, creating several boot camps relationships built in an unwholesome nature. Physical Abuse Many court cases have been filed for incidences of physical abuse carried out by boot camp providers or workers to the juvenile offenders. Some of the abuses include beating them, instructing them to perform excessive exercises, and throwing them into ditches. Some injuries which are reported are losing their teeth and broken bones and cases of sexual abuse have been reported also (MacKenzie, Wilson, Kider, 2001, p.127). Most boot camps are allowed not to report any incidences of injuries which happen within the camps. Additionally, most of the employees which are working in boot camps had previously worked in violent jobs such as military staffs and o fficers. These employees are very aggressive and violent when handling juvenile offenders. Most children or young persons hate group punishment and fight against unjust disciplinary authority. Several studies about boot camps showed that young persons aggressively hate their boot camps employees. Rather than obeying boot camp regulations, they observe rules as unjust and something which is against them. Therefore, boot camps really convey more hostility to regulations and power. This process may make them oppose all the rules which they shall follow, like even in workplaces or schools, since they have a mentality that they are against them. Reports have shown that 35 children have died under boot camps facilities since 1985 (Vito, 2005, p.66). Most of these victims died from physical exhaustion, torture, dehydration, and suicide. Most camps have a mindset that the boot camp life is thought to be a nightmare and boot camp providers hardly ever attend children when they report any com plain concerning injury or thirst. These complaints are considered as just an excuse to circumvent the hard physical labor. For instance in Florida, where a teen was admitted in a boot camp for a probation violation for intruding at a school after he was found guilty of stealing a car of his grandmother from a parking place in the church. It was his first day at the boot camp when he collapsed while doing exercises and afterward there was a video showing him being struck and kicked by some boot camp employees (Fisher, 2008, p.46). This is a good example of the physical abuse that juvenile offenders face while in boot camp and most of them are not reported. This torture may eventually lead to death and most parents would not like their children to pass through this torture. Conclusion In conclusion, effective approaches include exceptional academics where a child or a teenager may be successful, constructive discipline techniques in a system of proper handling not punishing and using family counseling to retain the optimistic changes which are experienced while in the program. Boot camps which are designed for teenagers or children are not often the effective option for truly juvenile offenders. They need to experience their behavioral and psychological matters along with learning and be taught legal conducts and constructive relationships which helps in enhancing their academic performances, individual relations, and individual achievements. It is change which happens through self-understanding that has long-term and most enduring impact on any individual. Parents should offer their children the chance to learn more about themselves and later learn that they can be a constructive section of the society. References Fisher, J. (2008). Forensics under fire: are bad science and dueling experts corrupting criminal justice? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. MacKenzie, D., Wilson, D., Kider, S. (2001). What Works in Preventing Crime? Systematic Reviews of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578: 126-143. Vito, G. C. (2005). An impact analysis of the Alabama boot-camp program. Federal Probation , 59(2), 64–68. Welsh, B., Farrington, D. (2006). Preventing crime: what works for children, offenders, victims, and places. New York: Springer.

The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that was founded in 1299 after growing out of the breakdown of several Turkish tribes. The empire then grew to include many areas in what is now present-day Europe. It eventually became one of the largest, most powerful and longest-lasting empires in the history of the world. At its peak, the Ottoman Empire included the areas of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. It had a maximum area of 7.6 million square miles (19.9 million square kilometers) in 1595. The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 18th century, but a portion of its land became what is now Turkey. Origin and Growth The Ottoman Empire began in the late 1200s during the breakup of the Seljuk Turk Empire. After that empire broke up, the Ottoman Turks began to take control of the other states belonging to the former empire and by the late 1400s, all other Turkish dynasties were controlled by the Ottoman Turks. In the early days of the Ottoman Empire, the main goal of its leaders was expansion. The earliest phases of Ottoman expansion occurred under Osman I, Orkhan, and Murad I. Bursa, one of the Ottoman Empires earliest capitals, fell in 1326. In the late 1300s, several important victories gained more land for the Ottomans and Europe began to prepare for Ottoman expansion. After some military defeats in the early 1400s, the Ottomans regained their power under Muhammad I. In 1453, they captured Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire then entered its height and what is known as the Period of Great Expansion, during which time the empire came to include the lands of over ten different European and Middle Eastern states. It is believed that the Ottoman Empire was able to grow so rapidly because other countries were weak and unorganized, and also because the Ottomans had advanced military organization and tactics for the time. In the 1500s, the Ottoman Empires expansion continued with the defeat of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria in 1517, Algiers in 1518, and Hungary in 1526 and 1541. In addition, parts of Greece also fell under Ottoman control in the 1500s. In 1535, the reign of Sulayman I began and Turkey gained more power than it had under previous leaders. During the reign of Sulayman I, the Turkish judicial system was reorganized and Turkish culture began to grow significantly. Following Sulayman Is death, the empire began to lose power when its military was defeated during the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Decline and Collapse Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began a considerable decline in power after several military defeats. In the mid-1600s, the empire was restored for a short time after military victories in Persia and Venice. In 1699, the empire again began to lose territory and power subsequently. In the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began to rapidly deteriorate following the Russo-Turkish Wars. A series of treaties created during that time caused the empire to lose some of its economic independence. The Crimean War, which lasted from 1853 to 1856, further exhausted the struggling empire. In 1856, the independence of the Ottoman Empire was recognized by the Congress of Paris but it was still losing its strength as a European power. In the late 1800s, there were several rebellions and the Ottoman Empire continued to lose territory. Political and social instability in the 1890s created international negativity toward the empire. The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and uprisings by Turkish nationalists further reduced the empires territory and increased instability. Following the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire officially came to an end with the Treaty of Sevres. Importance of the Ottoman Empire Despite its collapse, the Ottoman Empire was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and most successful empires in the worlds history. There are many reasons as to why the empire was as successful as it was, but some of them include its very strong and organized military and its centralized political structure. These early, successful governments make the Ottoman Empire one of the most important in history.

Forensic Science 4.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 4.5 - Essay Example One of the most important pieces of evidence is blood but usually by the time the police and the forensic scientists reach the scene of crime the blood is usually dried up. In this article we will learn the four different methods used to collect dried blood samples from the crime scene. These dried blood stains are attained from objects or various surfaces that do not have the ability of mobility and cannot be collected easily. The four methods are cutting, swabbing, scraping and elution (that is dissolving). Cutting is clearly appropriate only to the items or objects that can simply be cut off. Inspectors should not just simply cut off pieces from objects that can be presented intact for example shirts or clothing items. Sometimes bloodstains might be found on objects that according to the inspectors are too large or too complicated to bring in complete for example bloodstains on sofas or on the seats of a vehicle. In such cases, cutting of a portion big enough to have unstained sections on the edges for later comparisons is a good idea because taking in the whole sofa or vehicle seat is not a wise or suitable act (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Swabbing comprises the transferring of the blood sample from the surface on which it was onto some kind of swab. While working with dried blood it is necessary to humidify or to dampen the swab so that the blood sample can be transferred. The solution that is used in the swab has to be sterile so that it avoids any chances of the contamination of the blood sample from bacteria. Gauze sponges are usually more recommendable as they are already sterile and are more functional as swabs. Swabbing is useless in taking out blood samples from walls or even from tables or chairs (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Scraping comprises of utilizing an instrument with a straight or sharply edged face to scrape off the dried blood samples from a surface and to place it onto a clean laboratory glass plate