Deafness What It Is - 1083 Words

What is deafness? Deafness is very different to people’s general perception of what it actually is. The most common view is that it is a complete loss of hearing however deafness is defined as the lack or loss of the ability to hear. You can either be born deaf or gradually lose the ability to hear later on in life (Presbycusis). Pre natal or congenital causes of deafness may be due to a specific X chromosome being passed on through generations of families even though there may be no previous history of deafness in the family. Deafness at birth can also be caused by illness during pregnancy such as herpes, rubella or even toxoplasmosis. Causes of deafness include the birth of premature babies. This†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Mixed hearing loss- This is when there is a combination of SNHL and conductive hearing loss so the damage may occur in the outer/inner ear or the auditory nerve. As the source of the problem is unknown, this is known as mixed hearing loss. Facts about Deafness †¢ With approximately ten million people who suffer from hearing loss, it makes up the second largest disability in the UK. The majority being of retirement age or above. †¢ Out of the 10 million people (approx.) only around two million people use hearing aids. †¢ There are many different types of sign language for example, American Sign Language (ASL), British Sign Language (BSL), International Sign (IS) and many more. All have subtle differences in them. †¢ Approximately 840 children are born deaf in both ears each year. 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents with little or no experience of deafness or knowledge of how to communicate with a deaf person. †¢ Most of the time tinnitus (the constant ringing sound in people heads) will accompany hearing loss which makes the effect of deafness even more frustrating. The tinnitus can be mild or severe depending on each person and their age. †¢ By 2031, it is estimated that there will be 14.5 million people with hearing loss in the UK. †¢ Approximately 360 million people

Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay Free Essays

What is National Philosophy of Education. National Philosophy of Education stands for Education in Malaysia is an on-going attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The NPE has been build by Ministry of Education since the twelvemonth of 1988. The experts of instruction had tried their best to set in all the NPE into their course of study taught in every topic in school. 1.1- Elementss in National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) There are besides elements in the execution of NPE. First and first, component in NPE is instruction as an on-going attempt. Education is the procedure of reassigning and geting of cognition, accomplishments and baronial values. Education normally implemented for kids since they at an early age which is 1 to 6 old ages old. Then, it will be continued by the school to heighten cognition, accomplishments and character. For case, if a pupil merely finished his SPM scrutiny, he will seek for an excess category such as computing machine category. The new cognition that he receives will help him to accommodate to many types of alterations. Following, development of person ‘s potency besides one of the elements in the NPE. As we know, everyone is born with concealed endowment and abilities but they do non recognize it on their ain. However, the concealed endowment and abilities can be detected through societal interaction. For illustration, if a pupil discourse his work with a spouse to do an essay, he likely can indicate out superb thought that can give high Markss to the essay. Other than that, the component in NPE is belief and devotedness to God. Every individual must acknowledge the being of God and belief in Him as the Godhead of the existence. In fact, everyone besides has to bring forth good workss and actions. For case, Muslim people believe in ‘syurga ‘ which is the topographic point to remain afterlife. In order to come in the ‘syurga ‘ , they have to do good things and workss while they are alive. 1.2- Factors of National Philosophy of Education Other than component, NPE besides has it ‘s ain ground why it is implemented in the instruction system. First and first, the factor that determines NPE is spiritual factor. This factor can be seen through citation â€Å" Produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a steadfast belief and devotedness to God † . As we know, Malaysia is a multiracial and multi faith state but Islam has to be the official faith. However, other faith such as Christian, Buddhist and Hindu is free to encompass. Another factor that determines NPE is the societal factor which can be seen through citation â€Å" to bring forth Malayan citizen that are capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society † . Malaysia is a peaceable state which have a assortment of races live here. Cooperation and tolerance from assorted citizens are really of import in order to populate in harmoniousness and prosperity in Malaysia. Therefore, through the right pattern, we are able to make the stableness of society. Last, economic factor besides is one of the grounds in finding NPE. Malaysians presents are trained with particular accomplishment in many sorts of field to upgrading their productiveness. Such an purpose can be accomplished with the production of persons who are knowing and competent, responsible and capable to lend towards the improvement of the state, household and society. The mark of Malaysia to be economically strong state becomes the major factor in the national instruction on the NPE. 2.0- National Curriculum In add-on, national course of study besides altering to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. National course of study is â€Å" An educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition † . 2.1- KLSR, KBSR, KSSR Education in Malaysia started before the Malaysia addition independency in 1957. Informal instruction normally takes topographic point as a medium for Malay people get cognition because deficiency of instructors to learn them. In order to better the instruction in Malaysia, instruction act and several systems of instruction has been built by the authorities to bring forth knowing citizens. Education in Malaysia was started from Education Act in the twelvemonth of 1961. Harmonizing to Shidota ( 2010 ) , â€Å" The instruction act is the forming from the Rahman Talib Report 1960 † . Sekolah Kebangsaan is unfastened for every race while Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan is merely provided for Indian and Chinese people. Then, Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) was built as a system of instruction in Malaysia. Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) implemented since the state gained independency. In 1960, a Subjects Review Committee has been established to be known as the Rahm an Talib Report. The Rahman Talib Report has suggested some facets of instruction. The Rahman Talib study is so tabled in Parliament and passed which was so implemented in the Education Act 1961. Harmonizing to Rahman Talib Report, all pupils must go through in Bahasa Melayu public scrutiny, in which the written scrutiny documents. By utilizing the Malay linguistic communication, it aims to further integrity among the assorted cultural groups. In KLSR, the instruction is old-oriented and emphasis on memorising acquisition. In add-on, organisation in category is arranged utilizing the traditional schoolroom agreement. Traditional schoolroom is a topographic point for a group of pupils ‘ lessons delivered by instructors utilizing the old-oriented instruction. In traditional schoolroom, the pupils are really inactive and receive anything teacher Teach. In 1982, New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) was implemented as a new instruction system that replaced KLSR. KBSR execution follows the alterations made by the Report of the Cabinet Committee on Implementation of Education Policy issued in 1979. KBSR is aimed to finish all scholars with basic accomplishments and cognition of the topics. In KBSR, co-curriculum activity and Primary School Assessment Test ( UPSR ) are mandatory. In 1993, New Primary School Curriculum changed to the name of the new Integrated Primary School Curriculum. However, merely the name alterations have occurred. The course of study content is still the same as before. KBSR program besides emphasizes the command of basic accomplishments 3M of reading, composing and arithmetic. In 2010, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) replaced Integrated Primary School Curriculum as a new system of instruction in Malaysia. KSSR divides subject into 3 faculties which are Core Basic Module, Basic Module Themes and Elective Basic Module. For degree 1 which is twelvemonth 1-2, learning focal points on authorship, reading, numbering and menakul ( 4M ) . While, for degree 2 which are twelvemonth 3-6, learning emphasis on the application of 4M. One of the aims of KSSR is to make advanced persons. Until now, KSSR is still ongoing as the system of instruction in Malaysia. It is more towards practical and less nerve-racking for instructors and pupils. 3.0- Schemes For The Realization Of NPE 3.1- School ‘s function: The school should play a large function to accomplish the National Philosophy of Education ‘s aims. First, the most of import facet is the facet of school socialization. Some call the school clime. School civilization must include the five elements found in the National Education Philosophy which is religious, rational, emotional, physical and societal. The religious component is by understanding the importance of faith without faith against another. An illustration is to make a school civilization that patterns reading the Quran every forenoon and obligatory supplications in fold. All pupils besides must cover themselves. It will edify pupils of its duties in maintaining faith and ego regard. Indirectly will bring forth students with competent, honest, responsible and capable of accomplishing wellbeing. From a physical component besides is to supply school installations that are comfy, warm and contributing environment that promotes learning and larning. It will excite pupils ‘ involvement in prosecuting cognition. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education which is to bring forth pupils who flourish in harmoniousness and complete in footings of religious, physical, emotional, rational and societal Further, in the rational component, schools must promote socialization cognition among pupils and instructors. The school can form academic plans such as NILAM plan. It will advance a civilization of reading among pupils. Spirit kids to read is besides increasing with the award as NILAM award. Through reading, pupils ‘ heads are more developed and students are able to believe creatively and critically. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing. 3.2- Teachers ‘ function: Other than school, instructors besides should play their function to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupils. First and first, instructors as pedagogues should hold even more committed to the execution of activities to accomplish the aspirations contained in NPE. Next, teach the pupil with the handiness of new cognition that instructors have prepared to implement new instruction and larning schemes in order to make a harmonious and balanced human intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically. 3.3- Student ‘s function: The aim of NPE can besides be developed by the attempt from pupils. In every acquisition session, pupils should demo active acquisition and engagement. They besides can develop independency, self-discipline and work out jobs. Besides, pupils may get down using critical thought accomplishments and do an action. Critical thought is really of import in Mathematicss capable. Therefore, pupils have to develop it on their ain to do a improvement believing in their action. 4.0- School Activity This NPE has been used in every school in Malaysia to develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. Normally, the school will transport out activities to win the aims of NPE. In order to acquire more specific about activities that had been done with school and instructors, I had interviewed a Headmaster, Senior Assistant and a school instructor at Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Jana. After I interview all of them, I had found that many interesting activities that has been organized by the school and instructor. Before making any activities in school, the schoolmaster makes a commission which is organized earlier before school starts and led by her. Each commission has 4 director which are schoolmaster, pupil personal businesss helper, administrative helper and course of study helper. 4.1- Sport ‘s Day The first activity held in the school is Sport ‘s Day. Sport ‘s Day normally held in the month of March. There are many activities in Sport ‘s Day that will be contested such as 800m tally and javelin throw. This activity is aimed to bring forth pupils that are talented and active. Every pupil in the school will be taking portion in each activity in Sport ‘s Day. Their engagement will lend points to their contribute point for several group. From this Sport ‘s Day, pupils will go more courageous to seek take parting in any activities that held anytime. 4.2- Interaction Day Second, Interaction Day is held in school to use the NPE aim. In the Interaction Day, parents will come to school to take their kid ‘s study card and it has to be taken from the schoolroom instructor. When the parents receive the study card, they can look at the consequence and inquire any inquiry sing their kid in category. During the interaction, parents can cognize the truth behaviour of their kid at school. In fact, they besides will cognize whether their kid to the full go to his category or non. Through this activity, pupils will go more hardworking in their survey. They will work hard to acquire lying colourss in scrutiny and do their parents proud of themselves. 4.3- Parents and Teacher Association Following activity held in school is Parents and Teacher Association. This activity is conducted by the schoolmaster and helped by the Teacher Assistants in the school. Parents will come to the meeting to discourse of import things sing the school or pupils. This activity aims for betterment the school ‘s failings. For illustration, if the school is non stress on subject, parents can kick about it. The school besides can acquire suggestion from parents on the improvement of the transmutation in the school. Furthermore, the activity besides gives a opportunity for school to inquire aid from parents to do an excess category for pupils. This is due to the deficiency of instructor to go to an excess category at school. At the terminal of this session, direction of the school will go better in the hereafter. In fact, the school besides can make any motivational encampment that requires payment to the organiser because the school will have some support from the parents. Therefore, pu pils can have more new thoughts about their surveies from the motivational encampment. 4.4- Excellence Award Day Other than that, there is besides an Excellence Award Day which will be held at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This activity is held to increase the pupils ‘ spirit to analyze hard. When pupils see an first-class pupil walk on a phase and have a coil of certification, they will experience challenged and get down to work hard. In this activity, the school will take the top 15 pupils in every category to take a certification on the phase. Through this activity, pupils will vie reasonably without aching anyone. They will analyze to accomplish the best grade in the scrutiny. They besides will get down to believe positively because they know they can success in the scrutiny and crush the individual who already walk on the phase. 4.5- Collaborative Activity Last, to accomplish NPE aims, the school besides held a collaborative activity. During the collaborative activity, instructors will affect along with the pupils. This activity is aimed for cooperation between pupils and people around. Besides that, it besides to fasten the relationship between pupils and instructors. Apart from that, this activity besides aims to convey consciousness to pupils about the importance of hygiene. At the terminal of the activity, the school will be able to bring forth school can bring forth pupils with a cleansing agent and diligent aid. Students will larn the significance of regard with each other. For illustration, immature pupils will honour pupils older than him. Students are besides more concerned about hygiene while analyzing. 5.0- Classroom Activity 5.1- Storytelling In category, the instructor besides makes some activities for pupils to develop NPE aims. One of the activities that the instructor does in the schoolroom is narrative stating. In the narrative stating activity, the instructor will pick 3 pupils to state their narrative in forepart of the category. Time given to each pupil is about 3 proceedingss. The ground why this activity held in category is to further develop pupils ‘ endowments in storytelling. Storytelling competition can besides supply chances for pupils to portion cognition and larn right vocabulary. Hopefully, this activity will bring forth pupils who are non diffident to seek something new. In add-on, the usage of proper grammar can besides be nurtured. Through the usage of proper grammar, pupils are able to reply exam inquiries successfully. 5.2- Group Discussion Next, other activity in category that the instructor has been carried out is group treatment. Before group treatment starts, the instructor will split all pupils in a group and each group contains about 5 pupils. This activity is to allow the pupils discuss the reply on their ain. It besides conducted to give pupils exposure to a batch of thoughts. They can besides discourse and give sentiments on the reply to be determined. At the terminal of this activity, pupils will be more comfy to socialise with other schoolmates. They would non experience left out because of the interaction between schoolmates were running. In add-on, this activity besides gives the feeling of person who seldom communicate in the schoolroom. For illustration, if a pupil is introverted in a category, the other pupils will state that he was an chesty pupil. However, after this activity traveling on, they will cognize that the pupils are non chesty but he is really friendly. 5.3- Spelling Bee Apart from that, instructors besides carry out the Spelling Bee activity. This activity involves all pupils in the category. An Activity of the Spelling Bee is intended to rectify spelling has ever been a job in school. It is besides to avoid any confusion in the spelling of a word. This activity will bring forth pupils who are able to spell the word right. This is so because, many pupils are confused to distinguish spelling Malay and English. For illustration, pupils will be entered for spelling televisyen to telecasting. In add-on, pupils ‘ vocabulary can besides be corrected during the activity period. 5.4- Mind Mapping and Brainstorming Besides that, instructors besides conduct Mind Mapping and Brainstorming activity in category. This activity must be participated by all pupils in the category. The purpose of this activity is to acquire an thought in finishing pupil ‘s prep. For illustration, if a pupil wants to make his essay, he can non compose it right because he does non hold thoughts to finish it. Sometimes, the chief point besides is non related to the inquiry. This activity was hoped that pupils can hold mature thought of doing a good essay. It besides will bring forth pupils who are originative. Other than that, mind function and brainstorming besides can assist pupils in work outing job. 5.5- Quizes Last, the instructor held a Quiz session to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. As usual, this activity requires all pupils to take part in it. This is due to the pupils who do non like to finish his prep. As a replacing, the instructor will do a short quiz before she starts a new lesson. At the terminal of the activity, pupils will be more prepare to read earlier to go through the quiz. Furthermore, this activity besides will construct pupils ‘ assurance degree in order to finish the quiz before clip is up. It besides can be alteration for pupils before the scrutiny hebdomad. 6.0- Decision In decision, the school has conducted many interesting activities such as Sport ‘s Day, Interaction Day, Parents and Teachers Association, Excellence Award Day and Collaboration Activity. While, the instructor has made a motion by doing activities in the schoolroom. The activities are Spelling Bee, Storytelling, Group Discussion, Mind Mapping and Brainstorming and Quizes. All the activities that had been done are appropriate to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupil. The activities besides received encouraging response from the pupils. 7.0- Appendix Interview Form Name: Position: School: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam â€Å" Education in Malaysia is an on traveling attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. † The national course of study of the school reflects the aims of national Philosophy of instruction ( NPE ) . By implementing the course of study efficaciously in schools, it can develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. By this, the establishments can bring forth ‘insan theoretical account ‘ as for the future coevalss. What 5 activities that school carried out to visualize/insist the aim of NPE? 1- _________________________________________ Why? Does the activity must be carried out by all pupils? What are the merchandises at the terminal? 2- ________________________________________ Why? Did parents give support in this activity? For illustration fund. How can it be applied in pupils ‘ day-to-day modus operandi? 3-________________________________________ Why? Does this activity involve pupils in the school or foreigner? How this activity aid in developing the pupils psychomotor? 4- ________________________________________ Why? Do pupils react good in the activity? In the hereafter, does this activity will alter a small spot so that it will go more happening? 5- _______________________________________ Why? Does instructors ‘ function is of import in the activity? What is merchandise did the activity reflect to the pupils? Interview Form Teacher ‘s name: School ‘s name: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam The national course of study is an educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition. From the definition above, it is clear that the national course of study reflects the aims of national doctrine of instruction ( NPE ) . As a instructor, what are the instruction activities that being focused/carried out in schoolroom to realize the National course of study in the advancement of modeling the pupil ‘s behaviour and believes. 1- Scope? Reason? Merchandise? 2- Why? Did pupils collaborate together in this activity? How much clip is given to the pupils to finish the activity? 3- Why? Did pupils ever acquiring bored with this activity? What are the terminal merchandises of the activity? 4- Reason? How many pupils take part? What is the pupils ‘ reaction towards this activity? 5- Why? How many frequent this activity held in category? What is the merchandise at the terminal of the session? How to cite Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Advanced Wireless Technologies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Different antenna, such as yagi, horn, and celluar antennas, etc. has different merits. Research the set technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. 2.Compare and Contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wirelessnetworking? 3.A local Engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used aswell their strengths and weakness. Answers: 1.A device called an antenna which resides in an electrical circuit has the capability of converting electric power to standing radio waves which can be received by transreceivers. Interlinking of transmitter and receiver is done by antennas. Antennas hold different types of properties. Properties of Antennas: Antenna expand Orifice Directivity and bandwidth Divergence Effective length Polar diagram. Different types of antennas are needed to perform different wireless communication. Some of them are- Horn Antenna This type of antenna works alongside reflector as a bowl antenna powerfully as a waveguide. Mainly microwave and satellite are embedded with horn antenna. If Normal waveguide are used for transmission then it results in standing waves. Horn antenna prevents the odd things. The more slow but sure the blaze, better could be the similarality and lesser the losses. This results in greater growth of signal. Depending upon the blazing there are different types of horn antennas viz. pyramidal, sectoral and Conical horn. These antennas has several merits and demerits- Moderate directivity (Ease), broad bandwidth and ease of manufacturing. Horn antenna operates over a good range of frequencies covering a wide area and has wide bandwidth. Yagi Antenna A yagi (device that receives TV and radio signals), also known as Yagi Uda organized row is an antenna that receives signal from one direction. This type of device is popular among radio stations and band radio operators. It operates over a range greater than 10megahertz. Yagi Uda antenna uses passive elements. It can be constructed using one or more parabolic reflector elements and one or more director elements as this antenna is of low cost and greater in efficiency. This type of antennas can be made by using an antenna with one reflector, a driven folded-dipole, and directors, mounted for horizontal schism in the presumptuous direction. Pros of yagi antenna Yagis have more gain than similarly sized log periodic antennas which gives them a good range. They are easily mountable at low cost. Cons of yagi antenna These antennas have limited bandwidth or frequency. As you move away from the limited frequency range, the graph shows degradation in gain and impedance. This is because yagis are based on echoing elements. Cellular Antenna It is used in cellular network or mobile network. In this, the network cells is scattered over the area, connected three base stations and a fixed transreceiver. These base stations provide network coverage which can be used for all types of communication. A cell is combined with other neighbouring cells at different frequencies providing a hassle free quality service with each cell. This combination of cells provides cover a wide range geographic area. A large number of devices can communicate through these cells moving through one or more base stations. Merits These types of antennas consume less power and are robust in nature. Limited interference for small cells and large number of interfering signals for huge cells. Demerits In case of small cells complex infrastructure is required to connect to base station. Infrastructure consists of switches for call forwarding, location etc. Frequency spectrum should be distributed properly to avoid interference. Electronics is focused on communications. Telegraph started in 1845, calling in 1876, but communications really became popular with the introduction of wireless and the vacuum tube. Today wireless technology and vacuum tube are in domination. Traditionally oneantenna works together with each one or perhaps a few different frequencies. Now technology is so much advanced that we can combine small antennas to interact at any frequency. In this way every application like GPS, Bluetooth dont need their specific antennas. In fact most of the data can be shared by one digitally controlled antenna. Thus, these antennas will be replaced by digitally controlled antennas resulting in higher bandwidth and good range.:- 2.CDMA Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a method of various radio communication stations for multiple access and through the use of several transmitters we can send information simultaneously over an individual network. There are several features of CDMA which differs from FDMA. They are- Simultaneous transmission occurs over same frequency employed by every user. Wide band spreading signal called codeword is combined with narrow band signal. Separate codeword is used for every other user. Specified codeword is understandable to user and other signals becomes noise to them. Transmitters and receiver should have a bond so that after transmission receiver can understand the concerned codes. FDMA It is a channelization protocol used to manipulate multiple access protocol. One or several frequency bands, or channels allocated to user by FDMA. It is very commonplace in satellite communication. Like other multiple access systems FDMA coordinates access between multiple users. If channel is not in use, it goes in idle state. Bandwidth of Channel is narrow, referred to as narrowband system. FDMA uses analog links. Continuous transmission doesnt require synchronization. To reduce interference tight filtering is done. Frequency division multiple access is coupled with FDD 3.Newest advanced wireless technologies are:- 5thGeneration- It is the continuous innovation and evolution of industry resulting in better network congestion, energy efficiency, cost, reliability, and link with billions of people and devices. Optical Fibre everywhere- It is the propelled by efforts resulting in very fast connectivity and surfing of high definition videos. Virtualization Software defined network. Everywhere connectivity for Internet of things Internet of Everything. Cognitive networks and Big Data- All data generated by mobiles, embedded devices and network protocols are handled by communication systems. It is a vast level of information. A world IP backbone produces 1TB of IPs daily. This Big data is managed by advance systems. Cyber Security- 2015 was remarkable that everything can undoubtedly be hacked. So coming year will need significant changes on the systems. Smarter Smartphones and connected sensors- Coming days will be new trend for the smart phones and sensors. Network Neutrality and internet governance- No blocking and internet for everyone will be the future. References https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Types-of-Antenna.html https://www.aalto.fi/en/about/for_media/press_releases/2016-08-31-002/ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/questions_and_answers.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access https://www.comsoc.org/blog/top-10-communications-technology-trends-2015 https://onlinetalentlab.nl/trends-online/