Deafness What It Is - 1083 Words

What is deafness? Deafness is very different to people’s general perception of what it actually is. The most common view is that it is a complete loss of hearing however deafness is defined as the lack or loss of the ability to hear. You can either be born deaf or gradually lose the ability to hear later on in life (Presbycusis). Pre natal or congenital causes of deafness may be due to a specific X chromosome being passed on through generations of families even though there may be no previous history of deafness in the family. Deafness at birth can also be caused by illness during pregnancy such as herpes, rubella or even toxoplasmosis. Causes of deafness include the birth of premature babies. This†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Mixed hearing loss- This is when there is a combination of SNHL and conductive hearing loss so the damage may occur in the outer/inner ear or the auditory nerve. As the source of the problem is unknown, this is known as mixed hearing loss. Facts about Deafness †¢ With approximately ten million people who suffer from hearing loss, it makes up the second largest disability in the UK. The majority being of retirement age or above. †¢ Out of the 10 million people (approx.) only around two million people use hearing aids. †¢ There are many different types of sign language for example, American Sign Language (ASL), British Sign Language (BSL), International Sign (IS) and many more. All have subtle differences in them. †¢ Approximately 840 children are born deaf in both ears each year. 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents with little or no experience of deafness or knowledge of how to communicate with a deaf person. †¢ Most of the time tinnitus (the constant ringing sound in people heads) will accompany hearing loss which makes the effect of deafness even more frustrating. The tinnitus can be mild or severe depending on each person and their age. †¢ By 2031, it is estimated that there will be 14.5 million people with hearing loss in the UK. †¢ Approximately 360 million people

Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay Free Essays

What is National Philosophy of Education. National Philosophy of Education stands for Education in Malaysia is an on-going attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The NPE has been build by Ministry of Education since the twelvemonth of 1988. The experts of instruction had tried their best to set in all the NPE into their course of study taught in every topic in school. 1.1- Elementss in National Philosophy of Education ( NPE ) There are besides elements in the execution of NPE. First and first, component in NPE is instruction as an on-going attempt. Education is the procedure of reassigning and geting of cognition, accomplishments and baronial values. Education normally implemented for kids since they at an early age which is 1 to 6 old ages old. Then, it will be continued by the school to heighten cognition, accomplishments and character. For case, if a pupil merely finished his SPM scrutiny, he will seek for an excess category such as computing machine category. The new cognition that he receives will help him to accommodate to many types of alterations. Following, development of person ‘s potency besides one of the elements in the NPE. As we know, everyone is born with concealed endowment and abilities but they do non recognize it on their ain. However, the concealed endowment and abilities can be detected through societal interaction. For illustration, if a pupil discourse his work with a spouse to do an essay, he likely can indicate out superb thought that can give high Markss to the essay. Other than that, the component in NPE is belief and devotedness to God. Every individual must acknowledge the being of God and belief in Him as the Godhead of the existence. In fact, everyone besides has to bring forth good workss and actions. For case, Muslim people believe in ‘syurga ‘ which is the topographic point to remain afterlife. In order to come in the ‘syurga ‘ , they have to do good things and workss while they are alive. 1.2- Factors of National Philosophy of Education Other than component, NPE besides has it ‘s ain ground why it is implemented in the instruction system. First and first, the factor that determines NPE is spiritual factor. This factor can be seen through citation â€Å" Produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a steadfast belief and devotedness to God † . As we know, Malaysia is a multiracial and multi faith state but Islam has to be the official faith. However, other faith such as Christian, Buddhist and Hindu is free to encompass. Another factor that determines NPE is the societal factor which can be seen through citation â€Å" to bring forth Malayan citizen that are capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society † . Malaysia is a peaceable state which have a assortment of races live here. Cooperation and tolerance from assorted citizens are really of import in order to populate in harmoniousness and prosperity in Malaysia. Therefore, through the right pattern, we are able to make the stableness of society. Last, economic factor besides is one of the grounds in finding NPE. Malaysians presents are trained with particular accomplishment in many sorts of field to upgrading their productiveness. Such an purpose can be accomplished with the production of persons who are knowing and competent, responsible and capable to lend towards the improvement of the state, household and society. The mark of Malaysia to be economically strong state becomes the major factor in the national instruction on the NPE. 2.0- National Curriculum In add-on, national course of study besides altering to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. National course of study is â€Å" An educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition † . 2.1- KLSR, KBSR, KSSR Education in Malaysia started before the Malaysia addition independency in 1957. Informal instruction normally takes topographic point as a medium for Malay people get cognition because deficiency of instructors to learn them. In order to better the instruction in Malaysia, instruction act and several systems of instruction has been built by the authorities to bring forth knowing citizens. Education in Malaysia was started from Education Act in the twelvemonth of 1961. Harmonizing to Shidota ( 2010 ) , â€Å" The instruction act is the forming from the Rahman Talib Report 1960 † . Sekolah Kebangsaan is unfastened for every race while Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan is merely provided for Indian and Chinese people. Then, Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) was built as a system of instruction in Malaysia. Old Curriculum for Primary Schools ( KLSR ) implemented since the state gained independency. In 1960, a Subjects Review Committee has been established to be known as the Rahm an Talib Report. The Rahman Talib Report has suggested some facets of instruction. The Rahman Talib study is so tabled in Parliament and passed which was so implemented in the Education Act 1961. Harmonizing to Rahman Talib Report, all pupils must go through in Bahasa Melayu public scrutiny, in which the written scrutiny documents. By utilizing the Malay linguistic communication, it aims to further integrity among the assorted cultural groups. In KLSR, the instruction is old-oriented and emphasis on memorising acquisition. In add-on, organisation in category is arranged utilizing the traditional schoolroom agreement. Traditional schoolroom is a topographic point for a group of pupils ‘ lessons delivered by instructors utilizing the old-oriented instruction. In traditional schoolroom, the pupils are really inactive and receive anything teacher Teach. In 1982, New Primary School Curriculum ( KBSR ) was implemented as a new instruction system that replaced KLSR. KBSR execution follows the alterations made by the Report of the Cabinet Committee on Implementation of Education Policy issued in 1979. KBSR is aimed to finish all scholars with basic accomplishments and cognition of the topics. In KBSR, co-curriculum activity and Primary School Assessment Test ( UPSR ) are mandatory. In 1993, New Primary School Curriculum changed to the name of the new Integrated Primary School Curriculum. However, merely the name alterations have occurred. The course of study content is still the same as before. KBSR program besides emphasizes the command of basic accomplishments 3M of reading, composing and arithmetic. In 2010, Standard Primary School Curriculum ( KSSR ) replaced Integrated Primary School Curriculum as a new system of instruction in Malaysia. KSSR divides subject into 3 faculties which are Core Basic Module, Basic Module Themes and Elective Basic Module. For degree 1 which is twelvemonth 1-2, learning focal points on authorship, reading, numbering and menakul ( 4M ) . While, for degree 2 which are twelvemonth 3-6, learning emphasis on the application of 4M. One of the aims of KSSR is to make advanced persons. Until now, KSSR is still ongoing as the system of instruction in Malaysia. It is more towards practical and less nerve-racking for instructors and pupils. 3.0- Schemes For The Realization Of NPE 3.1- School ‘s function: The school should play a large function to accomplish the National Philosophy of Education ‘s aims. First, the most of import facet is the facet of school socialization. Some call the school clime. School civilization must include the five elements found in the National Education Philosophy which is religious, rational, emotional, physical and societal. The religious component is by understanding the importance of faith without faith against another. An illustration is to make a school civilization that patterns reading the Quran every forenoon and obligatory supplications in fold. All pupils besides must cover themselves. It will edify pupils of its duties in maintaining faith and ego regard. Indirectly will bring forth students with competent, honest, responsible and capable of accomplishing wellbeing. From a physical component besides is to supply school installations that are comfy, warm and contributing environment that promotes learning and larning. It will excite pupils ‘ involvement in prosecuting cognition. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education which is to bring forth pupils who flourish in harmoniousness and complete in footings of religious, physical, emotional, rational and societal Further, in the rational component, schools must promote socialization cognition among pupils and instructors. The school can form academic plans such as NILAM plan. It will advance a civilization of reading among pupils. Spirit kids to read is besides increasing with the award as NILAM award. Through reading, pupils ‘ heads are more developed and students are able to believe creatively and critically. It is in line with the Doctrine of Education to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing. 3.2- Teachers ‘ function: Other than school, instructors besides should play their function to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupils. First and first, instructors as pedagogues should hold even more committed to the execution of activities to accomplish the aspirations contained in NPE. Next, teach the pupil with the handiness of new cognition that instructors have prepared to implement new instruction and larning schemes in order to make a harmonious and balanced human intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically. 3.3- Student ‘s function: The aim of NPE can besides be developed by the attempt from pupils. In every acquisition session, pupils should demo active acquisition and engagement. They besides can develop independency, self-discipline and work out jobs. Besides, pupils may get down using critical thought accomplishments and do an action. Critical thought is really of import in Mathematicss capable. Therefore, pupils have to develop it on their ain to do a improvement believing in their action. 4.0- School Activity This NPE has been used in every school in Malaysia to develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. Normally, the school will transport out activities to win the aims of NPE. In order to acquire more specific about activities that had been done with school and instructors, I had interviewed a Headmaster, Senior Assistant and a school instructor at Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Jana. After I interview all of them, I had found that many interesting activities that has been organized by the school and instructor. Before making any activities in school, the schoolmaster makes a commission which is organized earlier before school starts and led by her. Each commission has 4 director which are schoolmaster, pupil personal businesss helper, administrative helper and course of study helper. 4.1- Sport ‘s Day The first activity held in the school is Sport ‘s Day. Sport ‘s Day normally held in the month of March. There are many activities in Sport ‘s Day that will be contested such as 800m tally and javelin throw. This activity is aimed to bring forth pupils that are talented and active. Every pupil in the school will be taking portion in each activity in Sport ‘s Day. Their engagement will lend points to their contribute point for several group. From this Sport ‘s Day, pupils will go more courageous to seek take parting in any activities that held anytime. 4.2- Interaction Day Second, Interaction Day is held in school to use the NPE aim. In the Interaction Day, parents will come to school to take their kid ‘s study card and it has to be taken from the schoolroom instructor. When the parents receive the study card, they can look at the consequence and inquire any inquiry sing their kid in category. During the interaction, parents can cognize the truth behaviour of their kid at school. In fact, they besides will cognize whether their kid to the full go to his category or non. Through this activity, pupils will go more hardworking in their survey. They will work hard to acquire lying colourss in scrutiny and do their parents proud of themselves. 4.3- Parents and Teacher Association Following activity held in school is Parents and Teacher Association. This activity is conducted by the schoolmaster and helped by the Teacher Assistants in the school. Parents will come to the meeting to discourse of import things sing the school or pupils. This activity aims for betterment the school ‘s failings. For illustration, if the school is non stress on subject, parents can kick about it. The school besides can acquire suggestion from parents on the improvement of the transmutation in the school. Furthermore, the activity besides gives a opportunity for school to inquire aid from parents to do an excess category for pupils. This is due to the deficiency of instructor to go to an excess category at school. At the terminal of this session, direction of the school will go better in the hereafter. In fact, the school besides can make any motivational encampment that requires payment to the organiser because the school will have some support from the parents. Therefore, pu pils can have more new thoughts about their surveies from the motivational encampment. 4.4- Excellence Award Day Other than that, there is besides an Excellence Award Day which will be held at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This activity is held to increase the pupils ‘ spirit to analyze hard. When pupils see an first-class pupil walk on a phase and have a coil of certification, they will experience challenged and get down to work hard. In this activity, the school will take the top 15 pupils in every category to take a certification on the phase. Through this activity, pupils will vie reasonably without aching anyone. They will analyze to accomplish the best grade in the scrutiny. They besides will get down to believe positively because they know they can success in the scrutiny and crush the individual who already walk on the phase. 4.5- Collaborative Activity Last, to accomplish NPE aims, the school besides held a collaborative activity. During the collaborative activity, instructors will affect along with the pupils. This activity is aimed for cooperation between pupils and people around. Besides that, it besides to fasten the relationship between pupils and instructors. Apart from that, this activity besides aims to convey consciousness to pupils about the importance of hygiene. At the terminal of the activity, the school will be able to bring forth school can bring forth pupils with a cleansing agent and diligent aid. Students will larn the significance of regard with each other. For illustration, immature pupils will honour pupils older than him. Students are besides more concerned about hygiene while analyzing. 5.0- Classroom Activity 5.1- Storytelling In category, the instructor besides makes some activities for pupils to develop NPE aims. One of the activities that the instructor does in the schoolroom is narrative stating. In the narrative stating activity, the instructor will pick 3 pupils to state their narrative in forepart of the category. Time given to each pupil is about 3 proceedingss. The ground why this activity held in category is to further develop pupils ‘ endowments in storytelling. Storytelling competition can besides supply chances for pupils to portion cognition and larn right vocabulary. Hopefully, this activity will bring forth pupils who are non diffident to seek something new. In add-on, the usage of proper grammar can besides be nurtured. Through the usage of proper grammar, pupils are able to reply exam inquiries successfully. 5.2- Group Discussion Next, other activity in category that the instructor has been carried out is group treatment. Before group treatment starts, the instructor will split all pupils in a group and each group contains about 5 pupils. This activity is to allow the pupils discuss the reply on their ain. It besides conducted to give pupils exposure to a batch of thoughts. They can besides discourse and give sentiments on the reply to be determined. At the terminal of this activity, pupils will be more comfy to socialise with other schoolmates. They would non experience left out because of the interaction between schoolmates were running. In add-on, this activity besides gives the feeling of person who seldom communicate in the schoolroom. For illustration, if a pupil is introverted in a category, the other pupils will state that he was an chesty pupil. However, after this activity traveling on, they will cognize that the pupils are non chesty but he is really friendly. 5.3- Spelling Bee Apart from that, instructors besides carry out the Spelling Bee activity. This activity involves all pupils in the category. An Activity of the Spelling Bee is intended to rectify spelling has ever been a job in school. It is besides to avoid any confusion in the spelling of a word. This activity will bring forth pupils who are able to spell the word right. This is so because, many pupils are confused to distinguish spelling Malay and English. For illustration, pupils will be entered for spelling televisyen to telecasting. In add-on, pupils ‘ vocabulary can besides be corrected during the activity period. 5.4- Mind Mapping and Brainstorming Besides that, instructors besides conduct Mind Mapping and Brainstorming activity in category. This activity must be participated by all pupils in the category. The purpose of this activity is to acquire an thought in finishing pupil ‘s prep. For illustration, if a pupil wants to make his essay, he can non compose it right because he does non hold thoughts to finish it. Sometimes, the chief point besides is non related to the inquiry. This activity was hoped that pupils can hold mature thought of doing a good essay. It besides will bring forth pupils who are originative. Other than that, mind function and brainstorming besides can assist pupils in work outing job. 5.5- Quizes Last, the instructor held a Quiz session to accomplish NPE ‘s aims. As usual, this activity requires all pupils to take part in it. This is due to the pupils who do non like to finish his prep. As a replacing, the instructor will do a short quiz before she starts a new lesson. At the terminal of the activity, pupils will be more prepare to read earlier to go through the quiz. Furthermore, this activity besides will construct pupils ‘ assurance degree in order to finish the quiz before clip is up. It besides can be alteration for pupils before the scrutiny hebdomad. 6.0- Decision In decision, the school has conducted many interesting activities such as Sport ‘s Day, Interaction Day, Parents and Teachers Association, Excellence Award Day and Collaboration Activity. While, the instructor has made a motion by doing activities in the schoolroom. The activities are Spelling Bee, Storytelling, Group Discussion, Mind Mapping and Brainstorming and Quizes. All the activities that had been done are appropriate to develop NPE ‘s aims in pupil. The activities besides received encouraging response from the pupils. 7.0- Appendix Interview Form Name: Position: School: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam â€Å" Education in Malaysia is an on traveling attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holistic and incorporate mode, in order to bring forth persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to bring forth Malayan citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing a high degree of personal well being to lend to the improvement of the state, household and society. † The national course of study of the school reflects the aims of national Philosophy of instruction ( NPE ) . By implementing the course of study efficaciously in schools, it can develop the pupils cognitive, affectional and psychomotor ( physical ) with other potencies ( JERIS ) in pupils. By this, the establishments can bring forth ‘insan theoretical account ‘ as for the future coevalss. What 5 activities that school carried out to visualize/insist the aim of NPE? 1- _________________________________________ Why? Does the activity must be carried out by all pupils? What are the merchandises at the terminal? 2- ________________________________________ Why? Did parents give support in this activity? For illustration fund. How can it be applied in pupils ‘ day-to-day modus operandi? 3-________________________________________ Why? Does this activity involve pupils in the school or foreigner? How this activity aid in developing the pupils psychomotor? 4- ________________________________________ Why? Do pupils react good in the activity? In the hereafter, does this activity will alter a small spot so that it will go more happening? 5- _______________________________________ Why? Does instructors ‘ function is of import in the activity? What is merchandise did the activity reflect to the pupils? Interview Form Teacher ‘s name: School ‘s name: Interviewed by: Siti Nur Syaima binti Badrul Azam The national course of study is an educational plan that includes course of study and co-curricular activities which encompasses all the cognition, accomplishments norms, values, cultural elements and beliefs to assist develop an single to the full with regard to the physical, religious, mental and emotional every bit good as to instill and develop desirable moral values aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹and to convey cognition. From the definition above, it is clear that the national course of study reflects the aims of national doctrine of instruction ( NPE ) . As a instructor, what are the instruction activities that being focused/carried out in schoolroom to realize the National course of study in the advancement of modeling the pupil ‘s behaviour and believes. 1- Scope? Reason? Merchandise? 2- Why? Did pupils collaborate together in this activity? How much clip is given to the pupils to finish the activity? 3- Why? Did pupils ever acquiring bored with this activity? What are the terminal merchandises of the activity? 4- Reason? How many pupils take part? What is the pupils ‘ reaction towards this activity? 5- Why? How many frequent this activity held in category? What is the merchandise at the terminal of the session? How to cite Factors Of National Philosophy Of Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Advanced Wireless Technologies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Different antenna, such as yagi, horn, and celluar antennas, etc. has different merits. Research the set technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. 2.Compare and Contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wirelessnetworking? 3.A local Engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used aswell their strengths and weakness. Answers: 1.A device called an antenna which resides in an electrical circuit has the capability of converting electric power to standing radio waves which can be received by transreceivers. Interlinking of transmitter and receiver is done by antennas. Antennas hold different types of properties. Properties of Antennas: Antenna expand Orifice Directivity and bandwidth Divergence Effective length Polar diagram. Different types of antennas are needed to perform different wireless communication. Some of them are- Horn Antenna This type of antenna works alongside reflector as a bowl antenna powerfully as a waveguide. Mainly microwave and satellite are embedded with horn antenna. If Normal waveguide are used for transmission then it results in standing waves. Horn antenna prevents the odd things. The more slow but sure the blaze, better could be the similarality and lesser the losses. This results in greater growth of signal. Depending upon the blazing there are different types of horn antennas viz. pyramidal, sectoral and Conical horn. These antennas has several merits and demerits- Moderate directivity (Ease), broad bandwidth and ease of manufacturing. Horn antenna operates over a good range of frequencies covering a wide area and has wide bandwidth. Yagi Antenna A yagi (device that receives TV and radio signals), also known as Yagi Uda organized row is an antenna that receives signal from one direction. This type of device is popular among radio stations and band radio operators. It operates over a range greater than 10megahertz. Yagi Uda antenna uses passive elements. It can be constructed using one or more parabolic reflector elements and one or more director elements as this antenna is of low cost and greater in efficiency. This type of antennas can be made by using an antenna with one reflector, a driven folded-dipole, and directors, mounted for horizontal schism in the presumptuous direction. Pros of yagi antenna Yagis have more gain than similarly sized log periodic antennas which gives them a good range. They are easily mountable at low cost. Cons of yagi antenna These antennas have limited bandwidth or frequency. As you move away from the limited frequency range, the graph shows degradation in gain and impedance. This is because yagis are based on echoing elements. Cellular Antenna It is used in cellular network or mobile network. In this, the network cells is scattered over the area, connected three base stations and a fixed transreceiver. These base stations provide network coverage which can be used for all types of communication. A cell is combined with other neighbouring cells at different frequencies providing a hassle free quality service with each cell. This combination of cells provides cover a wide range geographic area. A large number of devices can communicate through these cells moving through one or more base stations. Merits These types of antennas consume less power and are robust in nature. Limited interference for small cells and large number of interfering signals for huge cells. Demerits In case of small cells complex infrastructure is required to connect to base station. Infrastructure consists of switches for call forwarding, location etc. Frequency spectrum should be distributed properly to avoid interference. Electronics is focused on communications. Telegraph started in 1845, calling in 1876, but communications really became popular with the introduction of wireless and the vacuum tube. Today wireless technology and vacuum tube are in domination. Traditionally oneantenna works together with each one or perhaps a few different frequencies. Now technology is so much advanced that we can combine small antennas to interact at any frequency. In this way every application like GPS, Bluetooth dont need their specific antennas. In fact most of the data can be shared by one digitally controlled antenna. Thus, these antennas will be replaced by digitally controlled antennas resulting in higher bandwidth and good range.:- 2.CDMA Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a method of various radio communication stations for multiple access and through the use of several transmitters we can send information simultaneously over an individual network. There are several features of CDMA which differs from FDMA. They are- Simultaneous transmission occurs over same frequency employed by every user. Wide band spreading signal called codeword is combined with narrow band signal. Separate codeword is used for every other user. Specified codeword is understandable to user and other signals becomes noise to them. Transmitters and receiver should have a bond so that after transmission receiver can understand the concerned codes. FDMA It is a channelization protocol used to manipulate multiple access protocol. One or several frequency bands, or channels allocated to user by FDMA. It is very commonplace in satellite communication. Like other multiple access systems FDMA coordinates access between multiple users. If channel is not in use, it goes in idle state. Bandwidth of Channel is narrow, referred to as narrowband system. FDMA uses analog links. Continuous transmission doesnt require synchronization. To reduce interference tight filtering is done. Frequency division multiple access is coupled with FDD 3.Newest advanced wireless technologies are:- 5thGeneration- It is the continuous innovation and evolution of industry resulting in better network congestion, energy efficiency, cost, reliability, and link with billions of people and devices. Optical Fibre everywhere- It is the propelled by efforts resulting in very fast connectivity and surfing of high definition videos. Virtualization Software defined network. Everywhere connectivity for Internet of things Internet of Everything. Cognitive networks and Big Data- All data generated by mobiles, embedded devices and network protocols are handled by communication systems. It is a vast level of information. A world IP backbone produces 1TB of IPs daily. This Big data is managed by advance systems. Cyber Security- 2015 was remarkable that everything can undoubtedly be hacked. So coming year will need significant changes on the systems. Smarter Smartphones and connected sensors- Coming days will be new trend for the smart phones and sensors. Network Neutrality and internet governance- No blocking and internet for everyone will be the future. References https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Types-of-Antenna.html https://www.aalto.fi/en/about/for_media/press_releases/2016-08-31-002/ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/questions_and_answers.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access https://www.comsoc.org/blog/top-10-communications-technology-trends-2015 https://onlinetalentlab.nl/trends-online/

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Essay Sample free essay sample

Munchausen syndrome by placeholder is one of the most hard and rare signifier of kid maltreatment. It carries significant morbidity and mortality and comprises both physical maltreatment and medical disregard and is besides a signifier of psychological ill-treatment. The diagnosing relies on appropriate intuition and careful probe. Early acknowledgment and appropriate intercession prevent farther maltreatment and condemnable actions. The fiction of a paediatric unwellness is a signifier of kid maltreatment and non simply a mental wellness upset. and there is a possibility of an highly hapless forecast if the kid is left in the place. Certain factors are identified that may assist the physician recognize this insidious type of kid maltreatment that occurs in a medical scene. and doctors have to describe intuitions to their state’s kid protective service bureau. This paper highlights how Munchausen syndrome by proxy instances is handled. Munchausen syndrome by placeholder: sensing. probe and legal proceedings Munchausen syndrome-by-Proxy ( MSBP ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page besides known as Medical Child Abuse ( MCA ) . is a mental upset in which a parent ( normally the female parent ) abuses her kid by making or distorting medical symptoms. or by seeking unneeded medical attention for the kid. in order to derive attending and understanding. In 1998 the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children ( APSAC ) reported that the configuration of behaviours by and large referred to as Munchausen by Proxy really includes a paediatric diagnosing of kid maltreatment and a psychiatric diagnosing of the culprit. Therefore Munchausen by Proxy consists of two positions – the pediatric and the psychological ; the victim and the culprit. From the position of the kid victim. the diagnosing is Pediatric Condition Falsification ( PCF ) and is defined as â€Å"a signifier of child ill-treatment in which an grownup falsifies physical and/or psychological marks and/or symptoms in a victim. doing the victim to be regarded as ailment or impaired by others. † From the position of the culprit. the diagnosing is Factitious Disorder by Proxy ( FDP ) and is defined as â€Å"a psychiatric upset which is applied to a individual who deliberately falsifies marks or symptoms in a victim. The parent may overstate. misrepresent. or manufacture symptoms or trial consequences. which can take to the kid undergoing legion hospitalizations. invasive trials. gratuitous therapies. and even surgeries. â€Å"On April 7th the Tucson Police Department arrested and charged a 21 twelvemonth old female parent of two with kid maltreatment. Blanca Montana had taken the kids to the University Medical Center describing flu-like symptoms. Her boy was discharged. but her infant daughter’s status continued to deteriorate. The babe was finally diagnosed with nine separate rare infections over the class of her infirmary stay. Staff noticed that the child’s status worsened every clip she was entirely with her female parent. They began to surmise Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy and reported their intuitions to the constabulary. The constabulary investigated the maltreatment and determined that Montano deliberately poisoned her kid and had caused her unwellnesss. After the female parent was barred from sing the baby. the baby’s status improved significantly. It was determined that Montana had poisoned her two kids in order to acquire attention† . ( ABC intelligence ) In classical instances of MSBP. the behaviour of the opprobrious parent towards the kid is strongly and straight influenced by the responses of the physician to the child’s â€Å"undiagnosable† disease. The term MSBP can besides use to state of affairss where the parent in some manner appears to compromise the medical attention of the kid. Examples include parental over handling or undertreating of such medical status such as asthma. epilepsy and cystic fibrosis. MSBP is different from other signifiers of kid maltreatment. Unlike the typical physical kid maltreater who seeks to let go of his or her ain defeats by floging out at a kid. the motives of the MSBP maltreater are more complex. The perpetrator’s behaviour is more premeditated than unprompted. and it doesn’t consequence from the behaviour of the kid ( function as penalty for bad behaviour ) . These kids are frequently hospitalized with groups of symptoms that don’t rather fit any known disease. Frequently. the kids are made to endure through unneeded trials. surgeries. or other uncomfortable processs. The opprobrious parent is normally really helpful in the infirmary scene and is frequently appreciated by the nursing staff for the attention she gives her kid. She is frequently seen as devoted and self-sacrificing. which can do medical professionals unlikely to surmise the diagnosing of Munchausen syndrome by placeholder. By responding to the concerns and demands of culprits. medical professionals are manipulated into a partnership of child ill-treatment. The syndrome occurs because of psychological jobs in the grownup. and is by and large an attention-seeking behaviour. The syndrome can be dangerous for the kid involved. How do we manage child maltreatment instances of this nature? Diagnosis of fancied upsets is particularly hard because clinical findings are undetectable when they are overdone or imagined and are inconsistent when fabricated. When a clinician suspects that a disease has been falsified. this hypothesis must be pursued smartly and the diagnosing must be confirmed if the kid is to be spared farther injury. MSBP should be considered whenever a kid is presented with an unusual unwellness and has a negative workup or an unnatural response to standard therapy. Following verification of a diagnosing of MSBP. it is the responsibility of kid protection bureaus and mental wellness squads to be after for the hereafter attention and safety of the kid who has been harmed. Identifying and reacting to this unusual and complex signifier of kid maltreatment requires a carefully coordinated multidisciplinary intercession of several subjects and bureaus is indispensable for placing and reacting to instances of suspected MSBP. Each subject should near MSBP instanc es from its ain country of expertness with the common end of guaranting the safety of the victims. Baby doctors or household doctors initiate the appraisal. If at any point in the medical appraisal procedure. the handling doctor or any other member of the medical squad have â€Å"reasonable cause to surmise child maltreatment or neglect† he or she should do a study instantly to Children’s Protective Services ( CPS ) as required by jurisprudence ( N. Y. SOS. LAW  § 413 ) . The CPS worker. in bend. should get down the probe including contacting and join forcesing with the medical squad as they complete the medical appraisal. CPS will organize the medical appraisal. ease obtaining medical and other records sing the kid and the household. consult with legal advocate. jurisprudence enforcement. and initiate legal proceedings if required to protect the kid or to foster the probe. In instances of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. it is advised that parents be excluded from treatments of the probe in order to non put the children’s lives at farther hazard of enduring im portant injury. which in the most serious instances may take to their decease. Most culprits who induce symptoms will go on to make so during hospitalization because keeping the kid in the ill function is the lone manner to maintain carry throughing the abuser’s demand. For illustration. in 2008 Amber Brewington was charged with attempted homicide for poisoning her infant boy by repeatedly shooting salt H2O into his eating tubing ( at least 5-6 times ) while he was a patient in Tennessee and Pennsylvania infirmary ( usatoday. com ) . If a kid is admitted to hospital. sensing of induced unwellness will be facilitated by maintaining a record of all parent visits and activities. looking for associations. Recurrent symptoms may justify close observation with one-to-one nursing. In order to halt the rhythm of maltreatment. research workers must obtain sufficient admissible grounds to convict the maltreater. A peculiarly effectual manner to obtain cogent evidence in MSBP instances is to utilize hidden cameras to videotape grounds ( tribunal ordered ) . Prosecu tion Munchausen syndrome by placeholder can be difficult to prosecute because many of the instances lack grounds and informants. Care must be taken non to let a â€Å"label† or diagnosing to act upon the manner in which the instance is conducted. If the instance is truly one which used to be called â€Å"cruelty† . it should be dealt with consequently. Sally Clark was convicted in November 1999. The strong beliefs were upheld at entreaty in October 2000 but overturned in a 2nd entreaty in January 2003. after it emerged that the prosecutor’s diagnostician had failed to unwrap microbiological studies that suggested one of her boies had died of natural causes. She was released from prison holding served more than three old ages of her sentence ( BBC intelligence ) . The sally Clark narrative shows why strong grounds is required to prosecute MSBP instances. The party who makes an allegation must turn out that the kid is enduring or likely to endure important injury which is attributable to the attention being given to him. Mere intuition is non plenty to warrant doing a instance. important injury has to be proven. A guardian ad litem is appointed by the tribunal to stand for and safeguard the involvements of kids in public jurisprudence instances. The defender should hold experience in stand foring kids and be familiar with the kineticss of Munchausen by Proxy. Existing jurisprudence gives the defender considerable power to obtain all necessary studies and to confer with with assorted parties and other experts. If successful in converting the tribunal. by likely cause. that the kid is abused. the defender may inquire the tribunal to protect the kid pending test by puting the kid in an out of place arrangement. A period of separation. although by and large necessary to protect the kid from farther physical and mental injury. could besides function as a â€Å"diagnostic separation† to further corroborate the MSBP diagnosing. Making so non merely ensures the child’s immediate safety but leads to dramatic reversal physical. or psychological. Example ; In a ill-famed instance in Florida. an 8-year-old kid who had been featured in local intelligence for her bravery in the face of awful unwellness was diagnosed with MSB P in 1995. Harmonizing to the female parent. the miss had digestive jobs. ictuss. and an immune lack. Her primary diagnosing had been pseudo-obstructive intestine disease. The kid had had 40 surgeries and more than 200 hospitalizations. She was having nutrition unnaturally by agencies of a gastrostomy tubing and a cardinal venous catheter. An probe supported the determination of MSBP. The kid was removed to further attention. where she regained normal intestine map and normal nutritionary consumption. and returned to school. ( sunsentinel. com ) The safe scene should be a arrangement in which the parent does non hold the ability to hold unsupervised contact with the kid and does non hold the capacity to impact on the day-to-day attention and medical intervention of the kid. In some fortunes. the social worker and the intervention squad will urge seeking expiration of parental rights and acceptance or some other lasting alternate place for the kid at the hearing. The parental discourtesies may be so serious that Criminal prosecution may besides be appropriate. for illustration ; In New York 1972-1985. Marybeth Tinning had killed at least eight of her kids while enduring from Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. She was sent enced to 20 old ages to life for â€Å"depraved indifference to human life. ( nytimes. com ) The testimony at test should concentrate on injuries suffered by the kid due to the parent’s behavior. Is this kid being abused or non? The tribunal procedure will prove the grounds and logical thinking of the professionals. If successful. before a justice or a jury. in turn outing by preponderance of the grounds that the kid is abused or neglected. the instance returns to the dispositional stage. A court-ordered temperament depends on a comprehensive. nonsubjective forensic psychological appraisal of the offending parent. the other parent and the kid. The child’s medical and psychological demands should besides be assessed as a foundation for the court’s dispositional order. If the forecast for rehabilitation is hapless. possibly expiration of parental rights is appropriate? Possibly referral for condemnable prosecution is appropriate? The dispositional program is really of import. The defender should guarantee that the service program and court-ordered temperament responds to the kineticss present in the household and if applicable. rehabilitation of the household and to let for safe reunion of the kid and the household. On the other manus. the guardian needs to carefully see adept sentiment and prosecute expiration of parental rights or another lasting program alternatively of reunion where necessary. The appraisal and diagnosing of Munchausen by Proxy kid is a complex and emotionally charged undertaking. This potentially fatal signifier of kid maltreatment requires the most current informations and expertness to protect the child’s physical and psychological safety. Health attention suppliers. kid protection bureaus. and the legal profession must appreciate the particular issues involved in this signifier of kid maltreatment. MSBP instances CHARLOTTE. N. C. — A justice sentenced Meredith Stilwell. who pleaded guilty to seeking to surround her immature girl in January 2009. to 52 to 72 months in prison Monday. Meredith Stilwell pleaded guilty Friday to felony kid maltreatment. bring downing serious hurt after concealed cameras at the Levine Children’s Hospital recorded her seeking to surround her babe. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wsoctv. com/news/news/judge-sentences-young-mother-to-years-in-prison/nG75g/ When five of Waneta Hoyt’s six kids died between 1965 and 1971. physicians suspected sudden baby decease syndrome ( SIDS ) . The instance was even featured in outstanding medical diaries. But when New York State Prosecutor William Fitzpatrick read about the instance. he grew leery. His probe led to Hoyt’s apprehension in 1994. When she was interrogated. Hoyt broke down and admitted that she had killed her kids in an effort to hush them. She was sent to prison for life. Hoyt lived in Oswego. New York at the clip of the slayings http: //www. people. com/people/archive/article/0. . 20101784. 00. html Genene Anne Jones is a former paediatric nurse who killed someplace between 11 and 46 babies and kids in her attention. She used injections of Lanoxin. Lipo-Hepin and subsequently succinylcholine to bring on medical crises in her patients. with the purpose of resuscitating them subsequently in order to have congratulations and attending. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crimezzz. net/serialkillers/J/JONES_genene. php Beginnings †¢Monsters in the Cupboard: Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Laura Criddle. RN.

Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective

Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective Introduction Boot camps were introduced so that it can act as an alternative to jail for young offenders or criminals. Several studies have reported that the frequencies of recidivism for juvenile offenders who have been admitted in teen boot camps are extremely high, above 85% (Vito, 2005, p.65).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boot camps may appear like the correct option for young people who have gotten involved in unlawful acts or are engaging in inappropriate conducts. In Boot camps, they consider that terrifying and punishing the teens might discourage them from participating in illegal activities in the future, but this may be wrong. Most boot camps are considered to lack follow-up support, ineffective, and contain physical abuse. Lack of Follow-up Support When teens have shown the signs of rehabilitation, they are allowed to go back home from boot camps. After that, boot camp providers would not make a follow-up so that they can help the teens create sense of what they have experience in the boot camps. This lack of follow-up raises the chances of the teens or young people reversing into the previous conducts. Mostly, boot camp providers avoid follow-up so that they can reduce expenses. Since children are instructed to follow and respect seniors or boot camp providers who use noisy and violent tones, it has been reported that after going back home, many teenagers would have difficulties adjusting to normal superior’s leadership ways. Their teachers and managers usually are not aggressive to students and workers and many former boot campers experience trouble in respecting them since they do not scream and threaten them (MacKenzie, Wilson, Kider, 2001, p.127).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In several situations, former boot campers engage in more severe crimes after coming back from boot camps since they have learned techniques from their exposure with more skilled delinquents. In the situations of private military boot camps, offenders cope fully at wholly controlled schools, but go back to their previous conducts once they got to their everyday lives. Several young people come back from their boot camp lives with an impression of power or aggressive and commanding authority. These feelings are seen to cause conflicts during youth social interactions at organizations or schools. Most generally, young people who face serious psychological problems after returning from boot camp lives were not intended for boot camp initially. When guardians or parents admit their teenagers to these places in expectations of not having to manage parenting problems themselves, the adolescents can come back with their attitude of being neglected and may make them giving up in life. Sever al teens may experience psychological troubles towards boot camp. Most children experience nightmares after returning home and after a while they may commit suicide. Suicide is a big threat in some boot camps which do not have sufficient techniques of controlling suicidal risks in teens. Some of the deaths which are reported in boot camps are caused by perforated ulcer (Vito, 2005, p.65). Anxiety may result in the creation of ulcers that may ultimately harm the stomach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are Correctional Boot Camps Effective? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parents should consider carefully the program or therapeutic techniques for their troubled teens and they should bear in mind the long-term effects of the option. If a teen experience major behavioral and emotional adjustments in a therapeutic course, the long-standing achievement rate will be much better as has been reported in most rehabilitation analyzes. Ineffectiveness Some studies have shown that boot camps are inadequately considered as therapeutic approaches and mostly they do not reduce recidivism and can really have the negative impacts by raising immoral conducts (Welsh Farrington, 2006, p.341). In line with criminal justice professions, boot camps are not useful or unsuccessful in correcting juvenile offenders (Vito, 2005, p.66). Boot camps are considered to have no major rate of recovery when matched up to the rates of some different approaches. Many people believe that children require constructive relationships which are not generated by the boot camp facilities. Also, teens usually do not consider that they require what are provided in boot camps. Some parents wish for a faster way of correcting their concerned children. They do not understand that it takes some times, but not faster, to correct or rehabilitate their aggressive and troubled children. Emphasizing on the long-term approaches where the correctio n is therapeutic and focus on behavioral change by the recognition of individual or parental accountability will enhance the attitude of their children.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Boot camps were initially intended for young persons who have been found guilty of criminal activities and parents should not send their children to these facilities. Boot camp is not designed to change behavior by self-understanding. It is a setting which aims to frighten children openly, a course which has reported over and over again to possess simply short-range outcomes (Welsh Farrington, 2006, p.341). Boot camps possess minimal positive impact on children, with more proves of long-term destructive impact. A study by UN showed that while boot camps can be successful in the short-term, they are insufficient reports about the long-term effects and most of these children or young persons need understanding, assistance, and non-discriminative settings such as rehabilitation facilities and well managed boarding schools which will help in encouraging positive behaviors (Fisher, 2008, p.46). Children who are admitted in boot camp usually make friends with other juvenile offenders, wh om usually get attach in a strong and unhealthy manner, having the same destructive experiences. Such relationships create children consider that it is fine to have committed crimes, insulted their guardians or engaged in whichever criminal acts, creating several boot camps relationships built in an unwholesome nature. Physical Abuse Many court cases have been filed for incidences of physical abuse carried out by boot camp providers or workers to the juvenile offenders. Some of the abuses include beating them, instructing them to perform excessive exercises, and throwing them into ditches. Some injuries which are reported are losing their teeth and broken bones and cases of sexual abuse have been reported also (MacKenzie, Wilson, Kider, 2001, p.127). Most boot camps are allowed not to report any incidences of injuries which happen within the camps. Additionally, most of the employees which are working in boot camps had previously worked in violent jobs such as military staffs and o fficers. These employees are very aggressive and violent when handling juvenile offenders. Most children or young persons hate group punishment and fight against unjust disciplinary authority. Several studies about boot camps showed that young persons aggressively hate their boot camps employees. Rather than obeying boot camp regulations, they observe rules as unjust and something which is against them. Therefore, boot camps really convey more hostility to regulations and power. This process may make them oppose all the rules which they shall follow, like even in workplaces or schools, since they have a mentality that they are against them. Reports have shown that 35 children have died under boot camps facilities since 1985 (Vito, 2005, p.66). Most of these victims died from physical exhaustion, torture, dehydration, and suicide. Most camps have a mindset that the boot camp life is thought to be a nightmare and boot camp providers hardly ever attend children when they report any com plain concerning injury or thirst. These complaints are considered as just an excuse to circumvent the hard physical labor. For instance in Florida, where a teen was admitted in a boot camp for a probation violation for intruding at a school after he was found guilty of stealing a car of his grandmother from a parking place in the church. It was his first day at the boot camp when he collapsed while doing exercises and afterward there was a video showing him being struck and kicked by some boot camp employees (Fisher, 2008, p.46). This is a good example of the physical abuse that juvenile offenders face while in boot camp and most of them are not reported. This torture may eventually lead to death and most parents would not like their children to pass through this torture. Conclusion In conclusion, effective approaches include exceptional academics where a child or a teenager may be successful, constructive discipline techniques in a system of proper handling not punishing and using family counseling to retain the optimistic changes which are experienced while in the program. Boot camps which are designed for teenagers or children are not often the effective option for truly juvenile offenders. They need to experience their behavioral and psychological matters along with learning and be taught legal conducts and constructive relationships which helps in enhancing their academic performances, individual relations, and individual achievements. It is change which happens through self-understanding that has long-term and most enduring impact on any individual. Parents should offer their children the chance to learn more about themselves and later learn that they can be a constructive section of the society. References Fisher, J. (2008). Forensics under fire: are bad science and dueling experts corrupting criminal justice? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. MacKenzie, D., Wilson, D., Kider, S. (2001). What Works in Preventing Crime? Systematic Reviews of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578: 126-143. Vito, G. C. (2005). An impact analysis of the Alabama boot-camp program. Federal Probation , 59(2), 64–68. Welsh, B., Farrington, D. (2006). Preventing crime: what works for children, offenders, victims, and places. New York: Springer.

The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that was founded in 1299 after growing out of the breakdown of several Turkish tribes. The empire then grew to include many areas in what is now present-day Europe. It eventually became one of the largest, most powerful and longest-lasting empires in the history of the world. At its peak, the Ottoman Empire included the areas of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. It had a maximum area of 7.6 million square miles (19.9 million square kilometers) in 1595. The Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 18th century, but a portion of its land became what is now Turkey. Origin and Growth The Ottoman Empire began in the late 1200s during the breakup of the Seljuk Turk Empire. After that empire broke up, the Ottoman Turks began to take control of the other states belonging to the former empire and by the late 1400s, all other Turkish dynasties were controlled by the Ottoman Turks. In the early days of the Ottoman Empire, the main goal of its leaders was expansion. The earliest phases of Ottoman expansion occurred under Osman I, Orkhan, and Murad I. Bursa, one of the Ottoman Empires earliest capitals, fell in 1326. In the late 1300s, several important victories gained more land for the Ottomans and Europe began to prepare for Ottoman expansion. After some military defeats in the early 1400s, the Ottomans regained their power under Muhammad I. In 1453, they captured Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire then entered its height and what is known as the Period of Great Expansion, during which time the empire came to include the lands of over ten different European and Middle Eastern states. It is believed that the Ottoman Empire was able to grow so rapidly because other countries were weak and unorganized, and also because the Ottomans had advanced military organization and tactics for the time. In the 1500s, the Ottoman Empires expansion continued with the defeat of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria in 1517, Algiers in 1518, and Hungary in 1526 and 1541. In addition, parts of Greece also fell under Ottoman control in the 1500s. In 1535, the reign of Sulayman I began and Turkey gained more power than it had under previous leaders. During the reign of Sulayman I, the Turkish judicial system was reorganized and Turkish culture began to grow significantly. Following Sulayman Is death, the empire began to lose power when its military was defeated during the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Decline and Collapse Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began a considerable decline in power after several military defeats. In the mid-1600s, the empire was restored for a short time after military victories in Persia and Venice. In 1699, the empire again began to lose territory and power subsequently. In the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began to rapidly deteriorate following the Russo-Turkish Wars. A series of treaties created during that time caused the empire to lose some of its economic independence. The Crimean War, which lasted from 1853 to 1856, further exhausted the struggling empire. In 1856, the independence of the Ottoman Empire was recognized by the Congress of Paris but it was still losing its strength as a European power. In the late 1800s, there were several rebellions and the Ottoman Empire continued to lose territory. Political and social instability in the 1890s created international negativity toward the empire. The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and uprisings by Turkish nationalists further reduced the empires territory and increased instability. Following the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire officially came to an end with the Treaty of Sevres. Importance of the Ottoman Empire Despite its collapse, the Ottoman Empire was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and most successful empires in the worlds history. There are many reasons as to why the empire was as successful as it was, but some of them include its very strong and organized military and its centralized political structure. These early, successful governments make the Ottoman Empire one of the most important in history.

Forensic Science 4.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 4.5 - Essay Example One of the most important pieces of evidence is blood but usually by the time the police and the forensic scientists reach the scene of crime the blood is usually dried up. In this article we will learn the four different methods used to collect dried blood samples from the crime scene. These dried blood stains are attained from objects or various surfaces that do not have the ability of mobility and cannot be collected easily. The four methods are cutting, swabbing, scraping and elution (that is dissolving). Cutting is clearly appropriate only to the items or objects that can simply be cut off. Inspectors should not just simply cut off pieces from objects that can be presented intact for example shirts or clothing items. Sometimes bloodstains might be found on objects that according to the inspectors are too large or too complicated to bring in complete for example bloodstains on sofas or on the seats of a vehicle. In such cases, cutting of a portion big enough to have unstained sections on the edges for later comparisons is a good idea because taking in the whole sofa or vehicle seat is not a wise or suitable act (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Swabbing comprises the transferring of the blood sample from the surface on which it was onto some kind of swab. While working with dried blood it is necessary to humidify or to dampen the swab so that the blood sample can be transferred. The solution that is used in the swab has to be sterile so that it avoids any chances of the contamination of the blood sample from bacteria. Gauze sponges are usually more recommendable as they are already sterile and are more functional as swabs. Swabbing is useless in taking out blood samples from walls or even from tables or chairs (Gaensslen, Harris & Lee, 2008). Scraping comprises of utilizing an instrument with a straight or sharply edged face to scrape off the dried blood samples from a surface and to place it onto a clean laboratory glass plate

Overview to the Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview to the Markets - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of their trading background, investment style, performance and viewpoints about the stock markets. Market Approach- Philosophy, Methodology and Management Style Larry Williams began to follow markets in 1962 after the Kennedy market crash, realizing that he could have taken the advantage of the crash by taking short position. He has been known as one of the best short-term traders who also had a passion for writing, evident in his published books such as ‘How to Prosper in the Coming Good Years’ and ‘The Secret of Selecting Stocks’(Ireallytrade-a, 2011). He mostly trades in commodities and derivatives and chooses his assets based on their technicals. He has provided various indicators such as Ultimate Oscillator, value measurements and William %R for commodity prices. William %R is a standard momentum indicator and still provided by many websites such MSDN Microsoft and Yahoo Finance (figure 1). In his books titled ‘ Long-term Secrets to Short-term Trading’ and ‘how I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’, Larry Williams has given his insights in commodity trading. In 1987, he won Futures trading World Cup Championship sponsored by Robbins Trading Company but many people considered his winning to be controversial (Strupp, 1999). In 1989 National Futures Association complained that Larry Williams had engaged himself in misleading advertising and lied about his investment record. He was then allowed to be NFA’s board member despite his campaign against NFA for overregulation (Greising & Morse, 1991, p.163). Figure 1: William %R Indicator (Source: MSDN Microsoft, 2011) John Templeton started his career as a Wall Street investor in 1958 and laid the foundation of one of the most successful mutual funds. He had varied investment philosophy from ‘buy low and sell high’ to ‘extreme pessimism’ by picking bottom-hitting companies (Joh n Templeton Foundation, 2010). His investment style can be best described as ‘Global Contrarian’ in which the investor can profit from mispricing caused by certain crowd behaviour. His investment decisions were based on fundamental analysis. He was regarded as the greatest stock picker by money magazine in 1999 (Green, 1999). In 2005, he predicted the housing market crash to be within five years (Ruddy, 2005). Investment Background & Performance Larry R. Williams has written dozens of books since 1980 which became best sellers. His credibility was established when he correctly predicted bullish market when others were expecting a slowdown. His trading style relies on the timing tools and indicators that he has personally developed such as Will Go indicator, Ultimate Oscillator, William %R and COT Reports (Commitment of Traders reports). The COT report indicates the activities of commercials, small and large traders. Figure 1 shows a typical COT index of Gold. Figure 2: COT index of Gold (Source: Ireallytrade-b, 2011) Larry Williams also provides educational materials through Trend TV and Larry Williams University. His methods are followed by lot of people who have made money but they are risky too. Therefore Larry Williams himself never give assurance that there will always be profits and never losses. He also does not believe in buy-and-hold policy. From his book ‘How I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’

Consumer Research and Promotional Message Essay Example for Free

Consumer Research and Promotional Message Essay This paper will focus on the research and promotional message of teenaged consumers in today’s social market. The current generation of teenagers is referred to as Generation Y or Millennial and is a large portion of the consumer market that attracts companies in gaining large profits. In 2001, according to the National Consumers League (2013), teenagers purchased approximately $172 billion dollars. This generation is described as having the following attitudes and beliefs, they are â€Å"tech-savvy: prefers media based communication, family centric: prioritize family over work, achievement oriented: confident and ambitious, team oriented: loyal, committed, involved, inclusive, and attention craving: seeks feedback, guidance, and mentoring (Kane, n. d. ). The manner in which Generation Y views their world has a significant impact on the psychology behind their purchasing decisions. In being able to define the wants and needs of this generation, marketers will enhance their profit. Generation Y teenagers form a significant consumer group more than ever in today’s society. This teen group has become one of the fastest growing markets and they are greatly influenced by their social setting and environment. This generation was born into the cutting and competition edge of technology. Therefore, technological innovations systems keep Generation Y immersed in an insatiable state of want and need for social interaction and communication, information, and stimulus. In today’s economy, â€Å"these teenagers are an easily identifiable market, they are eager to buy, able to spend, are easily reached† (Schiffman, Kanuk Wisenblit, 2010). From the teenager’s perspective cost is a non-issue given that their parents purchase the items they need, there is no discretionary on purchasing as do their parents. Research and marketing teams identify that teenagers more often than not, spend money more on want than what they need. Another factor is that this is the â€Å"no child left behind† generation which strengthens the need for popularity, inclusion, and acceptance; these are defining elements to identifying their consumer needs. Teenagers are impressionable and are subject to positive and negative peer pressure. The need to fit in and be accepted as part of the group reveals how their purchases define these desires. An example of this would be Nike clothing and footwear. â€Å"Nike† is the winged Greek goddess of victory. The Nike Company is widely associated with athletic achievement and promotes challenging slogans on their apparel such as, â€Å"Just Do It†. Further, Nike reports from their own research that they catch the consumer’s attention through product quality, color and design and connect with potential consumer through aggressive media messaging and positive public relations imaging and professional sport sponsorship. These combining factors create an ideal product for Generation Y teenagers because Nike appeals to all aspects of their needs and wants. Another example of specific and successful marketing for this age group is through technological devices, such as with Apple. According to Buzz Marketings Tina Wells told Forbes, Teens are telling us Apple is done. Apple has done a great job of embracing Gen X and older but I dont think they are connecting with millennial kids. (Matyszczyk , 2013). Further, Well’s states that â€Å"everything moves in cycles and you can’t rest on your past glory. You’ve got to evolve to maintain relevance. Apple needs to focus on innovation and teens will come back† (2013). Another interesting twist on this is that teen’s may now view Apple products as having become â€Å"too popular† and have therefore suffered the disapproval of this same teenaged group of consumers. This is a great example of how rapidly the attitudes and beliefs of this population can change and require a sense of balance in their marketing. From these examples, it seems that Apple, Inc. will be forced to redesign their marketing strategies to successfully compete with Samsung and Android. Conclusion Marketers will have to anticipate the ever changing and rapid trends of the Generation Y pathway. Given that this generation of teenagers is so innovatively advanced, they will continue to spend a vast amount of their time and effort involved with modern technology and devices whether to receive information, communicate to peers, to shop online for products, or to download their favorite music. It will remain of utmost importance for marketers to understanding the underlying influences which impact teenagers and as well as their behavioral processes within the social context of their culture, their peer groups, and their lifestyles choices. Knowing this will enhance a marketer’s process and will enable the proper promotional messages that will provide their business with a potentially lucrative lifetime of profit returns.

Kroisos vs Doryphoros :: Essays Papers

Kroisos vs Doryphoros The difference between an archaic statue such as Kroisos (fig. 5-11) and a classical statue such as Doryphoros (fig. 5-42) may not seem very great in a single glance. In fact, you may not notice any differences in that one glance. Yet, if you were to look at them closely, you can see that these two statues actually have very little in common. The first glance you’ve taken at those two statues, you just see a man standing there. They are not doing anything in particular, just standing there. That was only in the first glance of course. Now take a good look at each one. In the archaic Greek kouros figure, the pose of the figure is very frontal. The entire figure is relatively stiff with the exception of the left leg, which is in front of the body giving it the early contrapposto pose. Even though it does have a much more natural pose to it with the one leg out, the rest of the body is not in a pose as if the weight of the body was put into one leg. The head is stiff with the hair being geometric and with the hair falling back on the body. The physical stature of the body is moderately realistic. The muscles are not quite as well defined but they are still semi-realistic. They are portrayed as if they were tense. The arms are also at the side. In the other figure, Doryphoros, there seems to be much more expression. The contrapposto pose is very realistic. The weight is shifted all throughout the body. Arms are not stiff at the sides, but one is relaxed while the other is at a forty-five degree angle from the elbow. There is tension in the calf from the leg, which is being raised up. The torso is also somewhat at an angle because of the hips. The head is not frontal, but at an angle. The muscles are very defined but very relaxed. The hair is not naturally flowing, but not geometric. The emotion in the figures is also very different. In the archaic figure, the face contains emotion other than the archaic smile. The eyes are closed with no facial expression. The classical statue on the other hand does not have any facial expressions but has open eyes and no smile.

Reseach on Shampoo

Study the buying behavior of consumers regarding branded shampoos in Ludhiana Research Project Report Masters in Business Administration By Jasdeep kaur Table of Contents |Chapter No. |Particulars |Page no. |1 |Introduction |8-16 | |2 |Research Methodology |17-20 | |3 |Data Analysis and Interpretation |21-33 | |4 |Results and Findings |34,35 | |5 |Conclusion and Summary |36 | |6 |Appendix |37-40 | |7 |Bibliography |41 | List of tables |S. No. |Particulars |Page No. | |1 |Number of respondents using branded shampoos |21 | |2 |Frequency of using Shampoo in a week |22 | |3 |Awareness level of espondents regarding various brands of shampoos |23 | |4 |Source of information regarding Branded shampoos |24 | |5 |Most important factor of consumer preference |25 | |6 |Preference of brands of shampoos |26 | |7 |Importance level of factors considered by respondents while purchasing |27 | | |Shampoos | | |8 |Brand Switch if particular brand is not available |28 | |9 |Brand Loyalty among consu mers |29 | |10 |Reasons that made respondents stick to one particular brand of shampoo |29 | |11 |Response in regard to intention to stick to the current brand of |30 | | |shampoo being used | | |12 |Satisfaction level of consumers towards their preferred shampoo brand |31 | |13 |Demographic profile of respondents |33 | List of Figures |S. No. |Particulars |Page No. | |1 |Number of respondents using branded shampoos |21 | |2 |Frequency of using Shampoo in a week |22 | |3 |Awareness level of respondents regarding various brands of |23 | | |shampoos | | |4 Source of information regarding Branded shampoos |24 | |5 |Most important factor of consumer preference |25 | |6 |Preference of brands of shampoos |26 | |7 |Importance level of factors considered by respondents while |27 | | |purchasing Shampoos | | |8 |Brand Switch if particular brand is not available |28 | |9 |Brand Loyalty among consumers |29 | |10 |Reasons that made respondents stick to one particular brand of |30 | | |shampoo | | |11 |Response in regard to intention to stick to the current brand of|31 | | |shampoo being used | | |12 |Satisfaction level of consumers towards their preferred shampoo |31 | | |brand | | Chapter I Introduction 1. 1 Shampoo Shampoo is a common hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. Shampoo formulations seek to maximize the following qualities: Easy rinsing Good finish after washing hair Minimal skin/eye irritation No damage to hair Feels thick and/or creamy Pleasant fragrance Low toxicity Good biodegradability 1. 2 Evolution The word shampoo in english usage dates back to 1762, with the meaning â€Å"to massage†. The word was a loan from Anglo-Indian shampoo, in turn from Hindi champoo, ie â€Å"to smear, knead the muscles, massage†. It itself comes from Sanskrit/Hindi word â€Å"champa† , the flowers of the plant Michelia champaca which have traditionally been used to make fragrant hair-oil. The term and service was introduced by a Sake Dean Mahomed, who opened a shampooing bath known as Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths in Brighton in 1759. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing) or therapeutic massage. During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him. During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him. 1. 3 Segmentation: Shampoo market is segmented on benefit platforms †¢Cosmetic (shine, health, strength) †¢Anti – Dandruff (AD) †¢Herbal 20% of the total shampoo market is accounted by the AD shampoos. The AD segment is the fastest growing segment, growing at 10% to 12 % every year Usage: The frequency of shampoo usage is very low in India. Most consumers use shampoo only once or twice in a week. In many cases, these products are used on special occasions such as weddings, parties etc. About 50% of consumers use ordinary toilet soaps to wash their hair. About 15% of consumers use toilet soaps as well as shampoo for cleaning their hair. Also 70% of the total shampoo sales are through sachet sales. HLL has higher stakes in the rural market with an 80% share. The bottle sales are popular in the northern region where 50% of the shampoo bottles are sold After a sober growth in 2004 due to the downturn of the FMCG sector, shampoo sector saw strong growth in the next two years due to the introduction of sachets and a surge in rural demand. The overall shampoo market, which sees annual volume sales of approximately 63,000 tonnes, saw rural off take grow by 40% last year, while urban demand grew half that at 21%. From a penetration level of 13% in 2000, now almost a third of the country's rural population uses shampoo with penetration levels zooming to 32% in 2005. While the north and west zones have tripled in penetration, the south and east zones have doubled Urban – 40 % Rural – 10 % Targeted customers: Shampoos are mainly target at Upper middle class, Middle class housewives and upper rural class. However the main segment is Teenagers. 1. 4 Opportunity Penetration of shampoo is very low in India. The average per-capita consumption of shampoo in India is very low at approximately 13 ml and many people in rural India still use toilet soaps. People still perceive shampoo as high end product in the rural areas. This provides a huge opportunity to the players. The huge size of the untapped market leads to a great potential for the existing players. India is and will remain for some time one of the youngest countries in the world. Currently there is a population of 163 m teen in India. Approximately half of the 1 bn plus population is under the age of 20, which is one of the largest consumers of hair care products. This provides huge market for the shampoo players. Also, with the increasing income levels of the middle class population, the usage of shampoos has increased. Despite its undisputed potential, the rapid expansion of the shampoo market was interrupted in 1999. Overall growth rates in the market slowed to 1. 7% in 1999, from 16% the previous year. Lack of innovation was the major reason for slowdown. The perception that shampoos contain harsh hemicals that could damage hair, high price and the view that the shampoo is more of a glamour product rather than a hygiene product led to lower sales. The players came out with the idea of smaller packs, which were a success. Also, products like anti dandruff started getting att ention and became the fastest growing category. Players like Dabur and Ayush came up with herbal shampoos. 1. 5 The top Shampoo brands Normal Shampoos †¢Clinic Plus †¢Sunsilk †¢Chik Anti Dandruff Shampoos †¢Clinic All Clear †¢Head and Shoulders †¢Dabur Vatika AD Premium Products †¢Shehnaz Hussain †¢Revlon Flex †¢L'Oreal 1. 6 Market Scenario of shampoo industry The India shampoo industry is estimated at Rs 14 bn and is growing at an average rate of 20% per annum. According to AC Nielsen, shampoo is one of the fastest growing categories within FMCG sector and is expected to grow at 25% per annum in the coming years. Major Players of Indian shampoo industry [pic] HLL By all accounts, the UNILEVER group is India's foremost multinational . The group has been operating in India for over 60 years. Being first it has being given the market leadership position in many product categories. Lever's have a sprawling distribution coverage which in the case of HLL extends to 3,200 stockists and 600,000 shops directly serviced by the company. HLL is today a multi-product, multi-unit organization addressing various public health challenges facing humanity. HLL is the undisputed leader from the early 1990s with brands like Sunsilk, Clinic All Clear and Clinic Plus. Sunsilk is the name of a brand of hair care products for women produced by the Unilever group. It was launched in 1954 in the United Kingdom and by 1959 it was available in 18 different countries world-wide. Currently, Sunsilk products are being marketed in over 50 countries throughout Asia, Latin America, The Middle East and North Africa. The Sunsilk brand is intended to demonstrate a perceptive and sympathetic understanding of women, communicate the idea of capturing the â€Å"emotional drama† in a girl’s life, and to provide a source of expert beauty care for women. P & G In US-the world’s largest market place in terms of effective demand-the Cincinnati (Ohio)-based household and personal care products colossus P & G Co. is a renowned company. Over the past 157 years (1837-1994) since William Proctor and James GambIe entered into partnership to manufacture candles and soap in Cincinnati, P & G has conceptualized, manufactured and effectively marketed a stream of consumer products, which have contributed significantly to American consumers Currently P & G employs l lakh people globally and has subsidiaries in over 60 countries including India. On 1st April 1988, the Bombay based Richardson Hindustan Ltd. commenced doing business as Proctor and Gamble India Ltd. The strategies and methodologies that the company has innovated to facilitate its inexorable growth have won it a place of honor in virtually every country. Yet to categories P & G as merely an excellent marketing company is to do it an injustice. It is an excellent marketing and product research company while its R & D, manufacturing strategies and operations are its major strengths. P & G entered India in Nov 1995, with the world’s largest selling brand – Pantene. It also launched Head , which is the leading AD shampoo Head & Shoulders is a famous brand of anti-dandruff shampoo produced by Procter & Gamble. Head & Shoulders was first introduced to the U. S. market in November 1961, as a blue-green shampoo formula. Unlike other shampoos, Head & Shoulders had relatively few variations until the late 1990s and early 2000s, and there are now in excess of ten different kinds of shampoo for different hair types under the Head & Shoulders banner. It has since then grown into a billion dollar brand. The people responsible for this were Robert Jongstra (Procter & Gamble General Manager) and Olga Barr (Saatchi & Saatchi Global Creative Director). Pantene is a brand of hair care products owned by Procter & Gamble. The brand's best-known product is the conditioning shampoo Pantene Pro V. CavinKare CavinKare was founded by Ranganathan in 1983, with a modest capital investment of Rs 15,000 and with a single product. The company was called Chik India Pvt. Ltd. , and its product was Chik shampoo. The company targeted the local market and within a few years emerged as a leading regional player in the shampoo market in South India. In 1998, the company adopted its present name, CavinKare Pvt. Ltd. , to signify its change from a single-product company to a broader FMCG company, encompassing various market segments such as hair, skin and personal care. According to company sources, ‘Cavin' is a literary word in Tamil meaning Beauty and Grace, while ‘Care' was modified to start with the letter ‘K' instead of ‘C' as a tribute to Rang Nathan’s father, ‘Chinni Krishnan. ‘†¦. L’Oreal Group [pic][pic]L’Oreal Group headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France, is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company. L’Oreal has developed activities in the field of cosmetics, concentrating on hair color, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care. L’Oreal is active in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. L’Oreal is also the top nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States. THe CEO of L'Oreal SA in France is Jean-Paul Agon. L'Oreal is a listed company, but the founder's daughter Liliane Bettencourt who is one of the richest people in the world, and the Swiss food company Nestleeach control over a quarter of the shares and voting rights. L’Oreal markets its range of specialized hair care products exclusively through salons and beauty parlors. It is the only company in the market that has a hair colour range tailored exclusively for parlors. The company was also the first to introduce modern shampoo-based hair dyes for the Indian market Garnier is a company producing hair care products, including the Fructis line, and most recently, skin care products under the name, Nutritioniste, that are sold around the world. It is a brand of L'Oreal. One of their key ingredients is a fruit concentrate used in all their products. It is a combination of fruit acids, vitamin B3 and B6, fructose and glucose 1. 7 Consumer Behavior The term consumer behavior may be defined as the decision process and physical activities in which individuals engage them while evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing off goods and services. The study of consumer behavior is the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources on consumption of related items. Buying behavior is an attempt to understand and predict human actions in the buying role. The issues that dealt within the discipline of consumers’ buying behavior are: ? What products and services do the consumers buy? ? How do they buy? ? Why do they buy? ? From where do they buy? ? When do they buy? Consumer behavior provides a sound basis for identifying and understanding consumer needs. It is the act of the individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic goods and services. The study of consumer behavior is an essential component of marketing. The adoption of marketing concept by the marketers provides the impetus for the study of consumer behavior. In case of New Product Introduction in the market, there is a risk of product failure. To increase the chances of success of new products, better information of the consumer behavior is required. Their desires, tastes and preferences are to be taken care of. So from all these aspects the study of consumer behavior is important. 1. 8 Objectives of the study †¢ To study the consumer awareness regarding branded shampoos. †¢ To study the source of information regarding awareness of brands †¢ To study the factors influencing choice of consumers towards branded shampoos. †¢ To study the reasons for consistency /change in regard to brands of shampoos. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology deals with the method of study i. e. how the study was carried out and what were the various techniques used. It is careful investigation or enquiry in a systematic manner in order to find a solution to problem in research. It consists of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solution, collecting and evaluating data, making deduction and reaching calculation etc and at last care fully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis or not. It includes the scope of the study, research design, collection of data, analysis of data and limitations of the study. 2. 1 Scope of the study The scope of the study is to get the knowledge about the buying behavior of consumers towards the branded shampoos in Ludhiana. The scope is restricted to study consumer’s awareness regarding branded shampoos and the factors influencing choice of consumers towards branded shampoos in ludhiana. This is done to avoid perceptual bias and for providing objectivity to the study. 2. 2 Research Design The research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The research problem in clear-cut terms helps the researches to prepare a research design. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the strategy for a study and the plan by which the strategy is to be carried out. The research carried down is descriptive in nature because it describes the consumer buying behavior regarding branded shampoos. 2. 3 Data Collection 2. 3. 1 Primary Data Primary data is that data which is collected for the first time. It is original in nature in the shape of raw material. For the purpose of collection of primary data, a well-structured questionnaire was given to the respondents and they were personally interviewed to fulfill the objectives of the study. The questionnaire comprises of close ended as well as open-ended questions. In close ended questions dichotomous, ranking, likert’s scale, checklist questions and multiple choice questions are used. 2. 3. Secondary Data Secondary data is the data which is already collected by someone. They are secondary in nature and are in shape of finished product. Secondary data was collected so as to have accurate results and the required data was collected from various magazines, newspapers, journals and internet to gathe r relevant information about the shampoo industry and the leading brands of shampoos. 2. 4 Sampling Design Sampling refers to selecting some of the elements in a population by which one can draw conclusions about the entire population. 2. 4. 1Universe Universe is the infinite number of elements that the researcher is targeting in his study. Here the universe for the study consists of all the people who use branded shampoos. 2. 4. 2 Population Population is finite number of elements that the researcher is going to target in particular area. People throughout Ludhiana who use branded shampoos constitute the population of my research. 2. 4. 2. A) Element- Consumers i. e people using branded shampoos 2. 4. 2. B) Sampling Unit-A single consumer using Branded shampoo 2. 4. 2. C) Extent- Ludhiana city 2. 4. 2 D) Time of Study- Six months 2. 4. 3 Sampling Technique In my research I have used non-probability technique for drawing a sample from the population. In non-probability technique I have preferred ‘Convenience sampling’ method because population of my research is huge and due to the time constraint I will be catering to 100 people according to my convenience. The selection of the respondents was done on the basis of convenience based on the non-probability method of sampling. Convenience sampling was basically used due to money, time as well as distance constraints. 2. 4. 4 Sample size Sample size is the size of sample drawn from the population which is the true representative of the research. The number of respondents included in the study was 100 for convenience in evaluating and analyzing the data and because of time constraint. Business |18 | |Service |24 | |Professional |5 | |Student |40 | |Housewife |13 | |Total |100 | 5. Data Analysis and Interpretation For the purpose of analyzing, raw data was summarized in a master table and from this table the results have been carried out. The questions having alternati ve choices were analyzed by taking percentages. In the case of questions on Likert’s point scale, the mean scores and percentages were calculated. In case of ranking questions the total score has been added and final ranking is given. The questions to which there were specific answers the ranges were clubbed and percentages were calculated. In case of explanatory questions, the general suggestions were summarized. 2. 6 Limitations of the study Sincere efforts have been made to collect authentic and reliable information from respondents, however the report is subject to following limitations: 1. The study was limited to Ludhiana city only. Wider coverage would have made the study more reliable and representative. 2. Sample was drawn by convenience sampling, so possibility of sampling error cannot be ruled out. 3. Responses of respondents were biased based on their personal preferences. 4. Due to time and cost constraints, study could not be carried out on a large scale 5. Sample may not be the true representative of the universe CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The present chapter deals with analysis of data collected from the consumers regarding their awareness level regarding branded shampoos, Factors considered by them while purchasing branded shampoos and to check their brand loyalty. A total of 100 consumers were personally interviewed with help of structured questionnaires. Results of the study: Table 3. 1 Number of respondents using branded shampoos |Response |No. f respondents |Percentage(%) | |Yes |88 |88 | |No |12 |12 | |Total |100 |100 | Figure 3. 1 [pic] Interpretation: From the above table, we can conclude that out of 100, 88% respondents use branded shampoos and 12% don’t use branded shampoos. So branded shampoos are very commonly used in Ludhiana. Table 3. 2 Fr equency of using Shampoo in a week |Frequency |No. f Respondents |Percentage (%) | |1-3 times |48 |48 | |3-5 times |33 |33 | |Daily |19 |19 | |Total |100 |100 | Figure 3. 2 [pic] Interpretation: From the above table, it is clear that 48% respondents use shampoos 1-3 times in a week, 33% respondents use shampoos 3-5 times in a week and rest of the respondents use shampoos daily. Table 3. 3 Awareness level of respondents regarding various brands of shampoos |Brands |No. of responses |Average Scores | |Garnier |80 |0. 16 | |L’Oreal |73 |0. 14 | |Sunsilk |92 |0. 9 | |Pantene |83 |0. 17 | |Clinic |77 |0. 16 | |Head & Shoulders |84 |0. 17 | Figure 3. 3 Interpretation: From the above table and graph it is clear that out of 100 respondents, 92% are aware of Sunsilk, followed by Head & Shoulders, Pantene, Garnier, Clinic and least are aware of L’Oreal. Table 3. 4 Source of information regarding Branded shampoos |Sources |No. f responses |Average Scores | |Newspaper |51 |0. 22 | |Television |81 |0. 35 | |Magazine |49 |0. 21 | |Salesman |4 |0. 02 | |Friends/Relative |27 |0. 8 | |Internet |18 |0. 08 | Figure 3. 4 Interpretation: From above table it is clear that television is the most important source of information followed by Newspaper, Magazine, information from friends/relative, Internet and least important source of information is from salesman. 3. 5 Most preferred shampoo brand among consumers is Sunsilk followed by Head and Shoulders, Pantene, Garnier, Clinic and least preferred is L’Oreal. However some respondents also prefer chik shampoo because of its price and some other medicated shampoos or herbal shampoos. Table 3. Most important factor of consumer preference |Factors |No. of responses |Avg scores | |Price |27 |0. 15 | |Brand |35 |0. 20 | |Quality |76 |0. 43 | |Schemes(discount offers) |9 |0. 5 | |Packaging |10 |0. 06 | |Quantity/Package |6 |0. 03 | |Advertisement |15 |0. 08 | Figure 3. 6 [pic] Interpretation: From the above table, it can be concluded that quality is the most important factor while considering the preference of shampoos followed by brand and price factor. And the least important factor while buying the shampoo is Quantity/Package after Packaging. Table 3. 7 Preference of brands of shampoos Brands |Total Score |Rank | |L’Oreal |379 |6 | |Head & Shoulders |332 |3 | |Pantene |324 |2 | |Clinic |378 |5 | |Sunsilk |312 |1 | |Garnier |377 |4 | Figure 3. 7 [pic] Interpretation: In the above table 1 is given to the most preferred and 5 to the least preferred to rank the shampoo brands. Most preferred shampoo brand among consumers is Sunsilk followed by Pantene, Head and Shoulders, Clinic, Garnier and least preferred is L’Oreal . Table 3. 8 Importance level of factors considered by respondents while purchasing Shampoos |Factors |Strongly Disagree (-2)|Disagree |Neutral |Agree |Strongly Agree |Mean Score | | | |(-1) |(0) |(1) |(2) |. |Price |7 |26 |23 |23 |21 |0. 28 | |Brand |3 |19 |21 |33 |24 |0. 63 | |Quality |2 |10 |19 |39 |30 |0. 96 | |Schemes |36 |17 |22 |16 |7 |-0. 67 | |Packaging |12 |26 |31 |24 |6 |-0. 5 | |Quantity/Package |31 |28 |18 |19 |3 |-0. 73 | |Advertiseme nts |12 |4 |34 |20 |30 |0. 54 | Figure 3. 8 [pic] Interpretation: In above table, 2 is the weightage given to Strongly Agree, 1 to Agree, 0 to Neutral, -1 to Disagree and -2 to Strongly Disagree; the mean (0. 96) of quality being calculated lies between 0 to 1 so it is very near to strongly agree therefore from the above table we can conclude that respondents feel that quality is the most important factor while considering the preference of shampoos followed by brand, advertisement and price factor. And the least important factor while buying the shampoo is Quantity/Package after Schemes available as their mean scores are coming in negative. Table 3. 9 Brand Switch if particular brand is not available |Response |No. of respondents |Percentage (%) | |Yes |62 |70 | |No |26 |30 | |Total |88 |100 | Figure 3. 9 [pic] Interpretation: From above table, it is clear that 70% of the respondents buy another brand if a particular brand is not available. 3. 10 The most preferred alternate brand is Clinic, followed by Head & Shoulder, Clinic, L’Oeal, Pantene and the least preferred brand as an alternate is Garnier. Table 3. 11 Brand Loyalty among consumers |Response |No. Of respondents |Percentage (%) | |Yes |58 |65. 91 | |No |30 |34. 9 | |Total |88 |100 | Figure 3. 11 [pic] Interpretation: It is clear from the table that 65. 91% of the respondents are not brand loyal and does switch over the brand Table 3. 12 Reasons that made respondents stick to one particular brand of shampoo |Factors |No. of respondents |Avg Scores | |Price |18 |0. 23 | |Brand |18 |0. 3 | |Quality |26 |0. 33 | |Schemes(discount offers) |4 |0. 05 | |Packaging |3 |0. 04 | |Quantity/Package |4 |0. 05 | |Advertisement |6 |0. 08 | Figure 3. 12 [pic] Interpretation: It is clear from above that quality is the main reason that made respondents stick to one particular brand as it is having the highest mean score. Price and brand are having equal mean scores and are the second most important factors. 3. 13(a) The most common reason that made respondents switch over to another brand of shampoo is that they like changing brands. Other important reasons are quality and schemes that made respondents switch over to another brand of shampoo. Table 3. 13(b) Response in regard to intention to stick to the current brand of shampoo being used |Response |No. Of respondents |Percentage (%) | |Less than one month |19 |28. 35 | |1-3 months |23 |34. 32 | |3-5 months |13 |19. 40 | |More than 5 months |12 |17. 93 | |Total |67 |100 | Figure 3. 13(b) [pic] Interpretation: From above figure it is clear that out of 67 respondents who did not stick to one particular brand, 19 have intention of sticking to current brand for 1 to 3 months, 19 for lass tan 1 month, 13 for 3-5 months and 12 for more than 5 months. Table No. 3. 14 Satisfaction level of consumers towards their preferred shampoo brand |Very Bad |Bad |Average |Good |Very good |Mean Score | |(-2) |(-1) |(0) |(1) |(2) | | |-20(10) |-4(4) |0(10) |29(29) |70(35) |0. 85 | Figure 3. 14 [pic] Interpretation: In above table, 2 is the weightage given to very good, 1 to Good, , 0 to average and -1 to Bad and –2 to Very Bad; the mean (0. 5) being calculated lies between 0 to 1 so it is more near to Very Good therefore from the above table we can conclude that respondents are satisfied with their currently using brand. Demographic profile of respondents Sex Wise |Sex |No. of respondents |Percentage (%) | |Male |41 |41 | |Female |59 |59 | |Total |100 |100 | Age Wise |Age |No. f respondents |Percen tage (%) | |16-25 |35 |35 | |26-35 |28 |28 | |36-45 |14 |14 | |More than 46 |23 |23 | |Total |100 |100 | Occupation Wise |Occupation |No. f respondents |Percentage (%) | |Business |18 |18 | |Service |24 |24 | |Professional |5 |5 | |Student |40 |40 | |Housewife |13 |13 | |Total |100 |100 | Chapter IV Results and Findings Findings from the study: †¢ From the research it was found that 88% respondents use branded shampoos. †¢ As far as frequency of using shampoos in a week is concerned, 48% respondents use shampoos 1-3 times in a week, 33% respondents use shampoos 3-5 times in a week and rest of the respondents use shampoos daily. Television (81%) is the most important source of information followed by Newspaper (51%), Magazine (49%), information from friends/relative (27%), internet (18%) and least important source of information is from salesman (4%). †¢ Most preferred shampoo brand among consumers is Sunsilk followed by Pantene, Head and Shoulders, Cli nic, Garnier and least preferred is L’Oreal . †¢ The most important factor considered by respondents while purchasing shampoo is quality as it has mean score of 0. 96, followed by brand (0. 63) and advertisement (0. 54) †¢ Out of 100 respondents, only 37% respondents stick to one particular brand and out of respondents who stick to one particular brand consider quality being the most important factor for it Out of 67% respondents who switch to other brand, majority of them quoted the reason â€Å"I like changing Brands† for shifting to other brands. †¢ As far as the intentions of 67 respondents for sticking to current brand used by them is concerned, very less have intention of switching over the brand and are satisfied with the current brand they are using. †¢ Out of 67 respondents who did not stick to one particular brand, 19 have intention of sticking to current brand for 1 to 3 months, 19 for lass tan 1 month, 13 for 3-5 months and 12 for more t han 5 months. †¢ Mostly all the respondents are satisfied with their currently using brand. †¢ The suggestions which are given for their currently used brand are: Consumers of L’oreal want its price to be lesser. Consumers of Pantene want to have more hair specific like Sunsilk. No suggestion has been recommended by consumers of Sunsilk Chapter 5 Conclusion and Summary The results reflected the perception of users in Ludhiana of branded shampoos. The results of the study indicate that though the price of shampoos is perceived to be on the higher side of users, the quality offered by these products compensates for their dissatisfaction. The Ludhiana users accept that high quality comes at a price. Since the study was restricted to the Ludhiana city so there is need to study more in other cities to get the clear view of the findings. Scope for further study Many companies are coming up with the shampoos with enough variety as it’s the fastest growing FMCG product now days. There is a huge potential market in India and better scope. To survive in such an environment, all the companies will have to undertake bold efforts towards their products in such a way so as to meet the requirements and expectations of the consumers. It therefore calls for a continuous research in this field as consumer preferences keep changing with time and so does their buying behavior. Hence it provides basis of a scope for further research. Appendix Questionnaire 1. Do you use branded shampoo? Yes No 2. How many times do you use shampoo in a week? a. 1-3 times _____________ b. 3-5 times _____________ c. Daily _____________ 3. Which of the following brands are you aware of? a. Garnier _____________ b. L’Oreal _____________ c. Sunsilk _____________ d. Pantene _____________ e. Clinic _____________ f. Head & Shoulders_____________ 4. What is your source of information for this? a. Newspaper _____________ b. Television _____________ c. Magazine _____________ d. Salesman _____________ e. Friends/Relative _____________ f. Internet _____________ 5. Which brand are you currently using? _____________ 6. Why do you use this particular brand? ? Price ? Brand ? Quality ? Schemes (discount offers) ? Packaging ? Quantity/Package ?Advertisements If any other please tell 7. Please rank the following brands of shampoos on the basis of your preference (a-most preferable and f-least preferable) a. L’Oreal _____________ b. Head & Shoulders _____________ c. Pantene _____________ d. Clinic _____________ e. Sunsilk _____________ f. Garnier _____________ 8. While making a purchase decision, rate the following factors that affect your decision. Factors |Strongly Disagree |Disagree |Neutral |Agree |Strongly | | | | | | |Agree | |Price | | | | | | |Brand | | | | | | |Quality | | | | | | |Schemes | | | | | | |(Discount offers) | | | | | | |Packaging | | | | | | |Quantity/Package | | | | | | |Advertisements | | | | | | 9. If your preferred brand is not available, do you purchase another brand? Yes No If yes go to Q No 10,if no go to Q No 11 10. Which brand you are ready to purchase if your prefe rred brand is not available? _____________ 11. Do you switch over a particular brand? Yes No If yes go to Q No 13,if no go to Q No 12 12. Why do you stick to a particular brand? a. Price _____________ b. Brand _____________ c. Quality _____________ d. Schemes (discount offers) _____________ e. Packaging _____________ f. Quantity/Package _____________ g. Advertisements _____________ 13. a) Why did you switch over the brand? b) For how long you intend to stick to current brand? a. Less than 1 month _____________ b. 1-3 months _____________ c. 3-5 months _____________ d. More than 5 months_____________ 14. What do you think about the current brand you are using? Very Bad Bad Average Good Very Good ———-I————–I————–I————–I————–I————– Any suggestions Personal Details: Name: _______________________ Age: _______________________ Gender: _______________________ Occupation: _______________________ Address: Contact No: _______________________ Bibliography Prasad , â€Å"Use of advertising and their impact on the consumer behavior†, Indian Journal of Management, Volume XXXIII, Number 4, April 2003, Page 3-5 Moorthi YLR, Brand Management(The Indian Context),2003,Edition V,Page 16-25 Kotler Philip, Principles of Mrketing, 2004,Prentice Hall, New Delhi, Pg 204-209 Bearden, William O. and Michael J. Etzel, â€Å"Reference group influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions†, Journal of Consumer Research, September 1982,Pg 183-194. Websites: – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pantene http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shampoo http://www. diplomatist. com/dipo1st06/story_12. htm http://inhome. rediff. com/money/2003/jul/19spec. htm http://www. indiantelevision. com/tamadex/y2k4/june/tam63. htm http://www. equitymaster. com/research-it/sector-info/consprds/consprds-products. html http://www. domain-b. com/companies/companies_p/procter_gamble_india/20040129_wars. htm ———————– [pic] [pic]